Glossary and transcription for Arabic and Persian terms

Glossary and transcription
for Arabic and Persian terms

Compiler: Michael W. Thomas, Queensland
Frequently amended and expanded—latest revision 3 November 2024

Contents

• Introduction
• Romanisation of Arabic ￫ · Standardisation, · Bahá’í transcription
• Accuracy
• Information sources
• List arrangement
• Searching the list
• Phonetic or common spelling
• Suffixes

Download MS Word copy

Feedback and suggestions are welcomed and encouraged.

Top -s A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

• Arabic and Persian ￫ · Letters, transcription & abjad values, · ‘Ayn & hamza consonants, · Capitalisations, · Elative word forms, · Hybrid words/names, · Numbers, · Plurals (Arabic, Persian) · Underdots, · Underscores, · Vowel Sounds, · Elison and grammatical cases
• Bahá’í ￫ · Apostles of Bahá’u’lláh, · Bearers of the throne of God (8), · Hands of the Cause of God, · Letters of the Living, · Principles, · Shrine of the Báb, · Travels of Bahá’u’lláh
• Calendars (days, months) ￫ · Badí‘-Bahá’í days, months, years (Days, Months, Years), · Gregorian days, months, · Islamic months, · Persian Solar Months
• Caliphs (first 28 caliphs) ￫ · The Rightly-guided, · The Umayyad, · The Abbaside.
• Imams ￫ · Twelve Imams · Twelfth Imám, · Deputies of the 12th Imám
• Twelfth Imám—occultation and return
• Meccan pilgrim meeting points
• Qur’án súra names
• Qur’anic “names” of God
• Special characters ￫ · Non-printing characters, · Unusual characters,
• Traditional Qur’anic/Ṣúfí concepts
• Microsoft Word

Introduction.

This document lists the Latin script transcription forms of many of the Arabic (Ar.) and Persian (Pers.) (including some of Turkic (T.) origin) names and words used in the Bahá’í Writings, books by Bahá’ís and the Qur’án as a GUIDE to their transcription. The full names of some people are listed, but for others the listing for each individual name will have to be checked. Some root words have been added as a guide to the meaning of their derivatives.

Some glossary terms, and information on them, can be found in the Glossary of This Decisive Hour: Messages from Shoghi Effendi to the American Bahá’ís 1932–1946.

Romanisation of Arabic

Although there has been no agreement as to a standard method of rendering Arabic words into the Latin alphabet, there are basically two philosophies with regard to the process of Romanization: various diacritics and non-standard Latin characters are used to represent Arabic graphemes1 or phonemes2 that do not exist in the Latin alphabet.

Romanisation is often termed “transliteration”, but this is not always technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while more useful systems for Romanisation of Arabic, in particular, are transcription systems in which Latin symbols are used to represent the sound of Arabic letters. Technically, transliteration is concerned primarily with accurately representing the graphemes of another script, whilst transcription is concerned primarily with representing its phonemes. In addition, transliteration is concerned with scripts, whilst transcription (from one language to another) is concerned with writing systems (the way a script is applied to a particular language). As an example, مناظرة الحروف العربية is transcripted as munáẓaratu’l-ḥurúfi’l-‘arabíyah, indicating the pronunciation, and transliterated as mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf al‘rbyḧ.

Transliteration shows only the characters as they appear in the Arabic text, giving no indication of pronunciation. Also since Arabic and Persian normally does not include short vowels, then no vowels are represented in the Romanized script.

Transcription uses diacritical marks to represent Arabic characters without equivalent letters in the Latin alphabet. It indicates the short vowels “a”, “i” and “u” that are not usually included in normal Arabic text but were included in the Qur’anic text to prevent misinterpretation. Long vowels are represented by adding an acute or a macron (a straight bar above a letter) to the vowel. Transcription of Qur’anic (classical) or Modern Standard Arabic text (see; “Standardisation” section), whether fully vowelled or not, is the most useful for a non-Arabic speaker. When Arabic text does not include the short vowels, it can be read by speakers of various Arabic dialects who will pronounce it according to their own vernacular.

Another issue is the representation of the Arabic definite article, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context, in particular whether the following letter is a “sun” letter (see the “Arabic letters & abjad values” section. Likewise, the pronunciation of short vowels may be modified according to preceding consonants or may vary from place to place according to local dialects. This accounts for variations such as Moslem for Muslim; and Mohammed or Mohamed for Muḥammad.

Shoghi Effendi introduced a system of transcription of Arabic letters to Roman letters that is an adaptation of the system recommended by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists held in September 1894 at Geneva. Refer to Muḥammad and the Course of Islám, pp. xiii–xvi for more details. The Persian language used by Bahá’ís can reflect various dialects. However, the Persian used by Shoghi Effendi reflected the Iṣfahání dialect (described in the list as Iṣfahání Persian or Bahá’í Persian) used by his grandmother, Munírih Khánum, and taught to her children and grandchildren. This is reflected in Shoghi Effendi’s use of Persian forms of Arabic words where “w” is replaced by “v”, and the last one or two letters (especially a word ending in a tá’ marbúṭa) are replaced by “ah”, “ih”, “yah” and “yih”. Shoghi Effendi also uses hybrid “words” where the singular AND plural forms of a word are “converted” to a “plural” by adding an English “s” instead of using the correct plural form of the Arabic or Persian word. Paragraph 229 (pp. 91–2) of The Promised Day Is Come is an atypical example where a large number of hybrid “words” have been used.

Standardisation

Modern Standard Arabic is a standardised form of Arabic used for written and formal spoken communications. It incorporates a large vocabulary derived from classical Arabic (al-‘Arabíyah al-Fuṣḥá), which is derived from the Arabic used in the Qur’án. ‘Uthmán ibn ‘Affán standardised the pronunciation of Qur’anic Arabic by adding short vowel marks (see Tashkíl) based on the Ḥijází dialect. The Qur’án normally includes special recitation guide marks (see Qur’án). Punctuation did not exist in classical Arabic (or Persian)—it is a modern innovation.

“Standard” Persian is the official language of Írán and Tajikistan, and one of the two official languages of Afghánistán. It is a set of spoken and written formal varieties used by the educated persophones of several nations around the world.

In Írán, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature acts as the official authority on the language, and contributes to linguistic research on Persian and other languages of Írán. Hence, the “Standard Persian” that is the official language of Írán encompasses various linguistic norms (consisting of prescribed usage), and it is based on the Ṭihrání dialect. Obviously, there will be some differences between the official Iranian Persian and that based on the Iṣfahání dialect learnt by Shoghi Effendi.

The two other “standard” varieties of Persian, the official language used in Tajikistan and Afghánistán, are based on the Kabuli, and Bukharan varieties, respectively.

Bahá’í transcription

On another page [The complete list of terms is to be found in many volumes of The Bahá’í World] is given the list of the best known and most current Bahá’í terms, and other Oriental names and expressions, all properly and accurately [there are errors] transliterated [transcripted], the faithful spelling of which by all the Western friends will avoid confusion in future, and insure in this matter a uniformity which is greatly needed at present in all Bahá’í literature.3

Regarding the transliteration [transcription] of Persian and Arabic words the House of Justice requests that the method adopted by the beloved Guardian, and which is described in the various volumes of The Bahá’í World, be followed, as it permits all languages which use the Roman alphabet to transliterate [transcript] such terms in the same way throughout the Bahá’í world.4

We agree ... to use the ending -a when the word is in an Arabic context and -ih when it is in a Persian one.

... since the purpose of the accent is merely to indicate a long vowel, we see no objection to permitting Bahá’í orientalists to use the horizontal accent [macron] (or indeed a circumflex or any other accent) in their scholarly works if they so wish, although, as stated above, we prefer the acute accent and this should be retained for general Bahá’í usage.

The [final] hamza is dropped in Persian but not in Arabic. Thus, Qayyúm’l-Asmá’, being an Arabic form, needs a hamza at the end, but the Persian form, Qayyúm-i-Asmá does not require it.5

The terms “Guardian” and “Universal House of Justice” are explained in the alphabetical list below.

1 The smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system.

2 Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.

3 Shoghi Effendi, postscript to a letter dated 12 March 1923, Bahá’í Administration, p. 43.

4 The Universal House of Justice, 21 July 1998, Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963–1986, p. 187.

5 The Universal House of Justice letter to an individual dated 20 October 1978, paras 5.2, 5.5 & 5.9.

Accuracy

Any variations in transcription by the authors listed under the Information sources heading, and information from all other Bahá’í authors have been subjected to the following progressive checks:

a)Consistency with transcription rules as used by Shoghi Effendi, and similar words.

b)An internet search of transcripted forms of the words.

c)An internet search for the original Arabic of the words that are then manually transcripted.

d)A search for the words in dictionaries such as The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic and A comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary by Francis Steingass.).

e)Consulting knowledgeable Arabic and/or Fársí speaking Bahá’ís. However, this information needs to be cross checked with the above sources.

Entries in this document are amended when new information is found, and new ones are added when new names and words are found in relevant publications. Hence, it is recommended that you use the latest available Word copy from www.miscellanie.com/transcription/index.html or https://bahai-library.com/glossary_arabic_persian_transcription.

Corrections, additions and suggested improvements to the list are welcomed. Contact jonahwinters@gmail.com or romane@miscellanie.com.

Information sources

Some sources of information are given in brackets. The most reliable sources of information are to be found in documents issued by the Universal House of Justice; and books by Shoghi Effendi, Hasan Balyuzi and Adib Taherzadeh (caution: there are some errors in all published documents). Entries are checked using digital copies of Arabic (Hans Wehr, also a printed copy) and Persian (Steingass) dictionaries. If these sources lack the required information, then information is sought from the internet and a few knowledgeable individuals.

List arrangement

The first column of the following list contains forms (correct and incorrect) of the words/names without acute accents, initial ‘Ayns or underdots. This makes it possible to make a simple search for a word without having any knowledge of the correct transcription, and it is used to make an alphabetical sort (the sorting used by Word is not the desired order) of the list itself.

Searching the list

It is easier to search for words if you:

a)Remove all accents and underdots.

b)Remove the definite article (“al-”, “ul-”, etc.; refer to the entry for “al-” and the description of the sun letters in the Arabic letters and abjad values section at the end of this list.)

c)Remove final letters such as “ah”, “yah” and “yyah” (usually Persian forms); “ih”, “yih” and “yyih” (forms representing an Iṣfahání dialect or Shoghi Effendi’s “Persian Bahá’í variation”); and “h” and “t” that often represent a tá’ marbúṭa (refer to the tá’ marbúṭa entry).

d)Replace “o” and “e” by “u” and “i” respectively. Then replace double vowels (representing á, í, ú) with a, i and u respectively. Also try replacing “v” (Persian) with “w”. In some cases “u” following a vowel should also be replaced by “w” or “y”.

e)Use the following table for the replacement of transliterated (translit.) Persian letters with single or double (diaeresis below) underdots with the letters in the letter(s) in the transcription (transcr.) column. The transliterated letter z may represent ḍ, dh, z or ẓ.

Translit	Transcr.	Plain text	Translit	Transcr.	Plain text
s̤	th	th	ẓ	ḍ	d
t̤	ṭ	t	z	z	z
z̤	ẓ	z	z	dh	dh

Phonetic or common spelling

Words in brackets in the third column may indicate an old-style phonetical spelling found in some older publications. Others are variations of place names found in books or on maps—these can be useful to determine correct transcription or to locate the places when searching Google maps. Emphasis is given to what is described as Modern Standard Arabic.

Glossary and Roman transcripted forms of
Arabic & Persian terms

Top -s A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
Prefixes, suffixes and links
Prefixes
Ma-	Ma-	prefix creating nouns of place. e.g. khubz, “bread” → makhbaz, “bakery”; daras, “to study” → madrasah, “school”.
Mi-	Mi	prefix used to create instrument nouns. e.g. fataḥ, “to open” → miftáḥ, “key (instrument for opening)”; wazan, “to weigh” → mízán, “scales (instrument of weighing)”.
Mu-	Mu-	as pronoun prefix for Forms II and above—he who or those who. e.g. ḥamd, “praise” → Muḥammad, “someone who prays”.
Links
-i-, y-i- (-e, -yi-, y-e, -ye, -i)	-i-, y-i-	Persian (iḍáfa) –i- (“-e”) sound inserted in pronunciation (not represented in Persian script) at the end of one word to indicate that the following word stands in a possessive or adjectival relation to it; equivalent to “of” in English. If the noun ends in a long vowel (not a “y”) or a silent h, the link y-i- (“y-e-”) is used, e.g. Ágháy-i-Karand (formal) and Ághá Karand (informal). See iḍáfa entry.
Suffixes
dan	-dán	Pers. (suffix and prefix) denoting what holds or contains anything (i.e. container/box); know thou; (in compound) knowing, intelligent.
ha	“-há”	Pers. most common form of pluralization for Persian nouns. See above Persian section under Plurals heading.
hood	-hood	role denoted by the word it is suffixed to, usually a noun, e.g. childhood. 2. A group sharing a specified condition or state, e.g. brotherhood
istan	-istán	home or place
parast, -parastan	-parast, pl. -parastán	Pers. a non-joining suffix roughly equivalent to “ist”, frequently denoting a worshiper or follower of, but often with unpredictable meanings. Example: átish-parast, a fire-worshipper; a physician.
ship	-ship	English suffix of nouns denoting condition, character, office, skill, etc.
stan	-stán	Pers. “place of” or “country”
un, an, in, át	-un, -an, -in; m. pl. -ún, -án, -ín; f. pl. -át	subjective/nominative, objective/accusative and possessive/genitive singular noun case endings (respectively) where they exist See i‘ráb.
yy, yya (iya), yyih	-yy, fem. -yya[h or t], Pers. -yyih	nisba, a suffix used to form adjectives in Arabic grammar. Sometimes íya is used. Often denotes either a group of people who follow a certain person, or a group with a certain ideological system. The feminine nisbah is often used as a noun relating to concepts, most frequently to ones ending in “ism”, with the m. (ـِيّ) and fem. (ـِيَّة) nisbah being used as adjectival forms of the concept-noun (e.g. “ist”) depending on agreement. Thus al-ishtirákiyyah “socialism”, and ishtirákiyy (m.) and ishtirákiyyah (fem.) socialist.

Top -s AB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
A
A’ila, ‘A’ilat, ‘Awa’il	‘Á’ila, pl. ‘A’ilát, ‘Awá’il	family, household
A’ish, A’isha	‘Á’ish, ‘Á’isha[h or t], Pers. also ‘Á’ishih	living comfortably. ‘Á’isha bint Abú Bakr, third wife of Muḥammad. Also spelt Aisha[h or t], ‘A’ishih, Aisyah, Ayesha or Ayisha.
A’la, ‘Ulya (Olya), ‘Ulan, A’alin, A’lahu	A‘lá, fem. ‘Ulyá, pl. ‘Ulan, A‘álin	higher, highest; upper, uppermost, exalted; ‘Álin the highest portion of something; heights, peaks (figuratively). A‘láhu further up, above.
A’lam, ‘Alma’	A‘lam, fem. ‘Almá’	more or most learned
A’rabi, A’rab	A‘rábí, pl. A‘ráb	an Arab of the desert, a Bedouin. This is not the “a‘rábs” (i‘ráb) in DND and MIS 1923–1957.
A’raj, ‘Arja, ‘Urj, ‘Urjan	A‘raj, fem. ‘Arjá, pl. ‘Urj, ‘Urján	lame, limping;—jack (in a deck of cards)
A’sam, ‘Asma’, ‘Usm	A‘ṣam, fem. ‘Aṣmá’, pl. ‘Uṣm	having a white foot (animal); excellent, valuable, precious
A’war, ‘Aura’. ‘Ur	A‘war, fem. ‘Aurá’, pl. ‘Úr	one-eyed
A’zam, (see Azim)	A‘ẓam, f. ‘Uẓmá, pl. A‘áẓim	greater, bigger; more significant, more important; greatest, major, supreme; most significant, paramount. Comparative form of ‘aẓuma’ (to make great). al-A‘ẓam Wáḥid “The Most Exalted One” is a title of the Báb.
A’zami	A‘ẓamí	Ghulám Ḥusayn A‘ẓamí
Ab	Áb	Pers. father (in parts of Írán).
Ab, Aban	Áb, pl. Ábán	Pers. water; river; largesse, gift, price. Ábán is the 8th month of the Persian solar year and 10th day of every month. Áb anbár (“cistern”) a traditional underground reservoir or cistern of drinking water in Persia. Usually underground to support the weight of water, topped with a dome and towers with wind catchers/breakers (Pers. bádgír).
Ab, Abu, Aba, Abi, Aba’	Ab, pl. Ábá’	a father (also ecclesiastical); ancestor, forefather. Abú’l- (father of; Abú, Abá and Abí (iḍáfa or partial names, nominative, accusative and genitive respectively) must be followed by another name); e.g. abú’l bashar, the father of man, Adam.
Aba-Basir	‘Abá-Baṣír	Áqá Naqd-‘Alí, blind martyr from Zanján, given the name Abú-Baṣír (father of insight) by Bahá’u’lláh
Aba, A’bi’a, Aba’a, ‘Aba’at	‘Abá’ (Pers. also ‘Abá), pl. A‘bi’a	‘Abá’a(h) fem., pl. ‘Abá’át. loose outer garment, cloak, mantle. English aba or abba.
Abad, Abada	Abad, fem. Abada[h or t], pl. Ábád	Ar. endless, eternal, eternity without end; abadan always, forever; ever, (with negative) never (in the future). Pers. populous, thriving, prosperous, developed, inhabited; a city, building; cultivated, peopled, full of buildings and inhabitants; replenished, well filled (treasury); an open plain; good, elegant, fair, beautiful, convenient; salutation, congratulation; praise, eulogium, well done! ábád suffix used in compound Persian names of towns and inhabited areas, e.g. Alláhábád (“Abode of God”). Ábádah (Abadeh) is a city (31.163094, 52.6483765) in Fars Province, Írán. The city is 170 km north of Shiraz and 200 km SSE Iṣfahán. See Ḥadíqatu’r-Raḥmán. cf. azal.
Abada, ‘Ibada, ‘Ubuda, ‘Ubadiya	‘Abada (‘Ibada, ‘Ubúda, ‘Ubádíya)	to serve, worship (a god), adore, venerate (someone, a god or human being), idolize, deify (someone); form II to enslave, enthral, subjugate, subject (someone); to improve, develop, make serviceable, make passable for traffic (a road); form V to devote oneself to the service of God; form X to enslave, enthral, subjugate (someone)
Abadan	Ábádán	Pers. nearly synonymous with but more emphatic than ábád, and never used in forming compounds. City (30.369238, 48.275891) in Írán to the north of Kuwait City, Kuwait.
Abadi	Ábádí, pl. Ábádiyán	Pers. pleasantness; a follower of Ábád or Mahábád, the first prophet sent to Persia, and alleged author of the Dasátír.
Abadih’i	Ábádih’í	Layla Ábádih’í, Mírzá Ḥusayn Khán Ábádih’í
Abahab, ‘Adhabat, A’dhiba	‘Adháb, pl. ‘Adhábát, A‘dhiba	pain, torment, suffering, agony, torture; punishment, chastisement, castigation
Abarkuh (Abarqu, Abarquh, Abargu)	Abarkúh (Abar-Kúh)	city (31.129471, 53.282411) and capital of Abarkúh County, Yazd Province. 133 km SW of Yazd and 182 km NNW of Shíráz. Many variations of spelling.
Abasa, ‘Abs, ‘Ubs	‘Abasa (‘Abs, ‘Ubs)	to frown, knit one’s brows; to glower, lower, scowl, look sternly
Abayd (Abaid), Bayda’, Bid, Bidan	Abayḍ, fem. Bayḍá’, pl. Bíḍ	(Abayze, Bayze) white; bright; clean, shiny, polished; blameless, noble, sincere (character); empty, blank (sheet of paper);—pl. al-bíḍán the white race; bayáḍ al-bíḍ white of egg, albumen. ad-dár al-Bayḍá’ “the white house”, Casablanca. Ni‘matu’lláh Dhuká’í Bayḍá’í (“The Blessing of God, Intelligent and Radiant”) is a pseudonym used by Karím Khán-i-Máfí, a famous Bahá’í author from Qazvín. Author of Tadhkiríy-i-Shu‘aray-i-Qarn-i-Awwal-i-Bahá’í (“Memoirs of the Poets of the First Bahá’í Century”).
Abaziya (Abazi, Abazih)	Abáẓíya[h or t]	the Republic of Abkhazia (capital Sukhumi), is a partially recognized state in the South Caucasus, on the Black Sea, north of Georgia. The Abaza family in Egypt originally came from Abaza, Russia. They were known as the “family of the pashas”. Abáẓih Páshá was a governor of ‘Akká during the time of Bahá’u’lláh, but Bahá’u’lláh would not meet him.
Abbas	‘Abbás	the lion, also stern looking, formidable, stentorian. Derived from ‘abasa, originally meaning a furious lion, hence with a lion’s characteristics. al-‘Abbás ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib; c. 568—c. 653) was paternal uncle and companion of Muḥammad, just three years older than his nephew. A wealthy merchant who protected Muḥammad while He was in Mecca, but only became a convert after the Battle of Baḍr in 624. His descendants founded the Abbasid Caliphate (al-Khiláfah al-‘Abbásíyah) in 750. His son, ‘Abd Alláh ibn ‘Abbás (c. 619–687), also known simply as Ibn ‘Abbás, was an early Qur’anic scholar and a nephew of Maymúnah ibnat al-Ḥárith al-Hilálíyah (c. 594–673)—she married Muhammad.
Abbas Abad, Abbas-Abad, Abbasabad	‘Abbás Ábád, ‘Abbás-Ábád, ‘Abbásábád	villages in Írán: Caspian Sea coast and a part of Ṭihrán.
Abbas-‘Ali	‘Abbás-‘Alí	Ḥájí Mullá ‘Abbás-‘Alí
Abbas-i-Nuri	‘Abbás-i-Núrí	Mírzá ‘Abbás-i-Núrí or Mírzá Buzurg, Vazír-i-Núrí, Bahá’u’lláh’s father
Abbas-Quli Khan-i-Larijani	‘Abbás-Qulí Khán-i-Laríjání	sniper who killed Mullá Ḥusayn, 1 February 1849.
Abbasi, Abbasiyyun, Abbasiyan	‘Abbásí, pl. ‘Abbásiyyún, Per. ‘Abbásiyán	(“Abbassian”) Abbaside, descendant of al-‘Abbás, uncle of Muḥammad. Pl. the princes of the house of ‘Abbás, the Abbasides. ‘Alí Akbar ‘Abbásiyán, from Ishqábád, he had a horse carriage custom made and sent as a gift to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Now located within the compound of the house of ‘Abdu’lláh Páshá.
Abbasiya, 'Abbasiyya	‘Abbásíya[h or t]	Pers. ‘Abbásiyya[h or t]. Fem. of ‘Abbásí. al-Khiláfah al-‘Abbásíyah, Abbasid (Abbaside) Caliphs (750–861). al-‘Abbásíya[h or t], formerly al-Yahúdíya[h or t], former Palestinian village, now Israeli city of Yehud.
Abbud	‘Abbúd	devoted or obedient worshipper of God. Derived from ‘abada. Ilyás ‘Abbúd was a Christian merchant of ‘Akká. His house in ‘Akká (32.921563, 35.067297) is joined on the eastern side to the smaller house of ‘Údí Khammár. The common wall has been opened. Both are now known as the House of ‘Abbúd.
Abd Allah, ‘Abdu’llah	‘Abd Alláh, ‘Abdu’lláh	(Abdallah, Abdillah, Abdullah, Abdo’llah) “Servant of God”
Abd an-Nabi	‘Abd an-Nabí	Shaykh ‘Abd an-Nabí (d. 1583) served as ṣadr aṣ-ṣudúr (1566 and 1579), the head officer in charge of madad-i ma‘ash grants (revenue of tax-free lands given in charity to religious or worthy individuals) and of the appointment of judges throughout the Mughal empire.
Abd Manaf (Abdu Manaf), Abd-i-Manaf	‘Abd Manáf, Pers. ‘Abd-i-Manáf	name of an Arab tribe
Abd, ‘Abid, ‘Ubdan, ‘Ibad	‘Abd, pl. ‘Abíd, ‘Ubdán, ‘Ibád	slave, serf; bondsman, servant, worshipper (as a servant of God);—(pl. ‘ibád) servant (of God), human being, man. al-‘ibád humanity, mankind. Names as plurals (“worshippers”) of ‘Abd: ‘Abdín, ‘Abadín, ‘Abidín (“‘Abdin, ‘Abadin, ‘Abidin”).
Abda, ‘Abdat	‘Abda, pl. ‘Abdát	woman slave, slave girl, bondwoman
Abda’	Abda‘	more amazing, more exceptional; of even greater originality. See Badí‘
Abd-i-Hadir	‘Abd-i-Ḥáḍir	“Servant in Attendance”
Abdar	Ábdár	Pers. watery, moist, juicy; of a good water (as a diamond or a sword); a keeper of water, a servant whose office is to keep water cool (hence water-carrier or butler); keen, sharp; glancing, dazzling, resplendent; flowing (verse); a sociable and convivial man; a man of understanding, reflection or wealth; a species of plant resembling the fibres of a palm-tree
Abdu’dh-Dhikr	‘Abdu’dh-Dhikr	“the Servant of Remembrance”—a designation of the Báb
Abdu’l-... (“Abdil”, “Abdul”, etc.)	‘Abdu’l-...	this is not a name or word, it is an iḍáfa or partial name [‘Abdu (slave or servant) + ’l (the) = slave or servant of the …] followed by the second part of the name (e.g. of God, ‘Abd Alláh or ‘Abdu’lláh). The same applies where the “l” is replaced by a sun letter reflecting the first letter of the second part of the name if it starts with one of the sun letters (e.g. ‘Abdu’s-Salám).
Abdu’l-‘Ali	‘Abdu’l-‘Alí
Abdu’l-‘Aliy-i-Harati	‘Abdu’l-‘Alíy-i-Harátí
Abdu’l-‘Azim	‘Abdu’l-‘Aẓím
Abdu’l-‘Azim-i-Khu’i	‘Abdu’l-‘Aẓím-i-Khu’í
Abdu’l-‘Aziz	‘Abdu’l-‘Azíz	(1830–1876) Sulṭán of the Ottoman Empire
Abdu’l-Ahad	‘Abdu’l-Aḥad	“servant of the only one”, a title of Mírzá Hádí Shírází, who served Bahá’u’lláh in ‘Akká
Abdu’l-Baghi	‘Abdu’l-Baghí	Mírzá ‘Abdu’l Baghí, father of Mírzá Aḥmad Suhráb (known as Mirza Ahmad Sohrab)
Abdu’l-Baha	‘Abdu’l-Bahá	“the Servant of Glory” (i.e. servant of Bahá). ‘Abbás Afandí (“Effendi”) (23 May 1844–28 November 1921). He initialled his correspondence, Tablets, etc., with the letters ع ع (‘Ayn ‘Ayn, A.A.). After the theft of His Seal, he signed with His name. Following the passing of Bahá’u’lláh he asked to be known as ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Wife Munírih Khánum. 4 daughters: Ḍíyá’íyyih (mother of Shoghi Effendi), Ṭúbá, Rúḥá and Munavvar. The Shrine of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (under construction, 2020–2022) is a low dome with gently sloping sides within a 170 m circle of gardens on the NW side of the Riḍván Garden to the east of ‘Akká.
Abdu’l-Baqi	‘Abdu’l-Baqi	“servant of the everlasting”
Abdu’l-Baqir	‘Abdu’l-Báqir
Abdu’l-Fattah	‘Abdu’l-Fattáḥ	“Servant of the Conqueror” (not Faṭṭáḥ)
Abdu’l-Ghaffar	‘Abdu’l-Ghaffár	(MF)
Abdu’l-Ghani	‘Abdu’l-Ghaní
Abdu’l-Ghani Baydun	‘Abdu’l-Ghaní Bayḍún
Abdu’l-Hadi	‘Abdu’l-Hádí
Abdu’l-Hamid	‘Abdu’l-Ḥamíd	‘Abdu’l-Ḥamíd Khán (1842–1918), Sulṭán of the Ottoman Empire. Nephew and successor of ‘Abdu’l-‘Azíz (both responsible for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s 40 year imprisonment). Known as the “Great Assassin”.
Abdu’l-Haqq	‘Abdu’l-Ḥaqq
Abdu’l-Husayn	‘Abdu’l-Ḥusayn
Abdu’l-Husayn-i-Shushtari	‘Abdu’l-Ḥusayn-i-Shushtarí
Abdu’l-Jalil	‘Abdu’l-Jalíl
Abdu’l-Javad	‘Abdu’l-Javád
Abdu’l-Karim	‘Abdu’l-Karím
Abdu’l-Karim-i-Iravani	‘Abdu’l-Karím-i-Íravání
Abdu’l-Karim-i-Qazvini	‘Abdu’l-Karím-i-Qazvíní
Abdu’l-Karim-i-Tihrani	‘Abdu’l-Karím-i-Ṭihrání
Abdu’l-Khaliq	‘Abdu’l-Kháliq	“Servant of the Creator”
Abdu’l-Khaliq-i-Isfahani	‘Abdu’l-Kháliq-i-Iṣfahání	he cut his throat when Ṭáhirih put aside her veil at the conference of Badasht
Abdu’l-Khaliq-i-Yazdi	‘Abdu’l-Kháliq-i-Yazdí
Abdu’l-Majid	‘Abdu’l-Majíd	Sulṭán of the Ottoman Empire (1823–1861)
Abdu’l-Majid-i-Nishaburi	‘Abdu’l-Majíd-i-Níshábúrí
Abdu’l-Majid-i-Shirazi	‘Abdu’l-Majíd-i-Shírází
Abdu’l-Malik	‘Abdu’l-Malik	Fifth Umayyad Caliph
Abdu’l-Muhammad	‘Abdu’l-Muḥammad
Abdu’l-Muttalib	‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib
Abdu’l-Qadir	‘Abdu’l-Qádir	BKG 124
Abdu’l-Vahhab-i-Qazvini	‘Abdu’l-Vahháb-i-Qazvíní
Abdu’l-Vahhab-i-Sha’rani	‘Abdu’l-Vahháb-i-Sha‘rání
Abdu’l-Vahhab-i-Shirazi	‘Abdu’l-Vahháb-i-Shírází	Pers. Mírzá ‘Abdu’l-Vahhab-i-Shírází, martyred in Ṭihrán
Abdu’l-Vahhab-i-Turshizi	‘Abdu’l-Vahháb-i-Turshízí
Abdu’l-Vasi’	‘Abdu’l-Vási‘
Abdu’llah ibn Abd al-Muttalib	‘Abdu’lláh ibn Abd al-Muṭṭalib	father of the Prophet Muḥammad (b. 546)
Abdu’llah ibn Ubayy	‘Abdu’lláh ibn Ubayy ibn Salúl	a powerful Medinite chief and a bitter opponent of Muḥammad, whose hopes of sovereignty were defeated when the Medinites asked Muḥammad to rule over them. He was the leader of the Hypocrites (munáfiqún) who secretly resisted Muḥammad at Medina.
Abdu’llah Khan-i-Turkaman	‘Abdu’lláh Khán-i-Turkamán	a commander of forces attacking at Shaykh Ṭabarsí (he was killed during the conflict)
Abdu’llah Pasha	‘Abdu’lláh Páshá	his house in ‘Akká is now a Bahá’í centre. Grid co-ordinates 32.923799, 35.068098
Abdu’llah Yusuf ‘Ali	‘Abdu’lláh Yúsuf ‘Alí	(1872-1952) Indian barrister and translator of the Qur’án: The Meaning of the Holy Qur’án.
Abdu’llah-i-Ghawgha’	‘Abdu’lláh-i-Ghawghá’
Abdu’llah-i-Qazvini	‘Abdu’lláh-i-Qazvíní
Abdu’r-Rahim-i-Qannad	‘Abdu’r-Raḥím-i-Qannád
Abdu’r-Rahim-i-Yazdi	‘Abdu’r-Raḥím-i-Yazdí	(MF)
Abdu’r-Rahman Afandi Alusi	‘Abdu’r-Raḥmán Afandí Álúsí
Abdu’r-Rahman-i-Karkuti	‘Abdu’r-Raḥmán-i-Kárkútí
Abdu’r-Rasul-i-Qumi	‘Abdu’r-Rasúl-i-Qumí
Abdu’r-Razzaq	‘Abdu’r-Razzáq
Abdu’s-Sahib	‘Abdu’ṣ-Ṣáḥib
Abdu’s-Salam	‘Abdu’s-Salám
Abdu’s-Salih	‘Abdu’ṣ-Ṣáliḥ	the Gardener of the Riḍván Garden, ‘Akká
Abdu’s-Samad	‘Abdu’ṣ-Ṣamad	(Sammad)
Abdu’s-Samad-i-Hamadani	‘Abdu’ṣ-Ṣamad-i-Hamadání
Abdu’sh-Shams, ‘Abd Shams	‘Abdu’sh-Shams or ‘Abd Shams	‘Abd Shams ibn ‘Abd Manáf was the oldest son of ‘Abd Manáf al-Mughírah ibn Quṣayy (great-great-grandfather of Muḥammad through his son Háshim) and grandson of Quṣayy ibn Kiláb.
Abduhu (‘Abduh)	‘Abduhu	(from aná ‘abdu-hu) (I am) his servant or slave. Muḥammad ‘Abduh (1849–1905) an Egyptian Islamic jurist, religious scholar and liberal reformer, a key founding figure of Islamic Modernism, sometimes called Neo-Mu’tazilism after the medieval Islamic school of theology based on rationalism, Mu’tazila. He broke the rigidity of the Muslim ritual, dogma and family ties. He was a Freemason and had a close relationship with ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and the Bahá’í Faith. See Salafíya
Abdus, ‘Ubdus	‘Abdús, ‘Ubdús	‘abdús = ‘abd aws (gift) alláh (ú from w).This is a theophoric name (from Greek: “bearing or carrying a god”) where the final sound(s) (the apocopate) are omitted.‘Abdús ibn Abí ‘Uthmán
Abgusht, Ab-Gusht (Abi-Gusht)	Ábgúsht, Áb-Gúsht	Pers. (“abgoosht”, “abi-Gosht”) gravy, broth, stew
Abha	Abhá	more splendid, more brilliant. “Most Glorious”. al-Abhá (El-Abha) “The Most Glorious”. Abhá Beauty—Jamál-i-Abhá—a title of Bahá’u’lláh. Abhá Kingdom—The Most Glorious Kingdom (also Abhá Paradise). See Alláh-u-Abhá and Yá Bahá’u’l-Abhá
Abhal, Ubhul, Abhala	Abhal, Pers. Ubhul, fem. Abhala(h)	savin (Juniperus sabina; botanical) or Persian the seed of the mountain cypress, or juniper; juniper berries; mountain cypress
Abhar	Abhar	Ar. more brilliant, more magnificent
Abhar	Abhar	Pers. a water-mill; a vein in the back, the jugular vein; the back of a bow. Abhar, now a city (36.146396, 49.222503), is on the road between Zanján and Qazvín. Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad-Taqíy-i-Abharí is known as Ibn-i-Abhar, Hand of the Cause of God.
Abi-Ghafray-i-Ta’i	Abí-Ghafráy-i-Ṭá’í	Pers. (see Ṭayy’). See SDC 48.
Abi-Quhafih	Abí-Quḥáfih	The Dawn-Breakers liv
Abid, Abidun, ‘Ubbad, ‘Abada	‘Ábid, pl. ‘Ábidún, ‘Ubbád, ‘Abada	an adorer, or servant of God; worshipper—used in conjunction with Zayn.
Abir	‘Ábir, pl. ‘Ábirún	passing; crossing, traversing, etc.; fleeting (smile); transient, transitory, ephemeral; bygone, past, elapsed (time);—pl. passerby. ‘ábir ṭaríq wanderer, wayfarer. See Áwárih
Abiward, Abivard	Abíward, Abívard	Pers. now Dargaz, Raḍawí Khurásán Province, Írán
Abiy	Abíy	disdainful, scornful; proud, lofty, lofty-minded
Abjad	Abjad	“alphabet”. The word consists of the first four (in original order) consonants (alíf, bá’, jím and dál) of the Arabic alphabet. Abjab is a writing system, e.g. Arabic, in which only consonants are represented. Abjab is also used as a term for the Arabic numeral system, where each consonant has an abjad numerical value.
Abraha al-Ashram	‘Abraha(h) al-‘Ashram	(“Abraha al-Ashram”) an Abyssinian prince, who built a Christian church in Ṣaná‘ to rival the Ka‘ba at Mecca. According to traditional Arab belief, he made an unsuccessful attack with his forces of elephants to destroy the Ka‘ba CE 570 (known as the year of the elephant and date of the birth of Muḥammad).
Absat	Absaṭ	simpler; wider, more extensive
Abtah, Abatih	Abṭaḥ, pl. Abaṭiḥ	flat, level;—pl. basin-shaped valley, wide bed of a wádí. al-Abṭaḥ is a wide valley that extends between Makkah and Miná. Muḥammad stopped here on His Ḥijjatu’l-Wadá‘ (Farewell Ḥajj) in AH 10.
Abtar	Abtar	curtailed, docked, clipped, trimmed; imperfect, defective, incomplete; without offspring. See root batara.
Abu ‘Abdu’llah ash-Shi’i	Abú ‘Abdu’lláh ash-Shí‘í	Abú ‘Abd Alláh al-Ḥusayn ibn Aḥmad ibn Zakaríya ash-Shí‘í (died 911) was a Da‘í (missionary) for the Isma‘ilis in Yemen and North Africa
Abu ‘Ali	Abú ‘Alí
Abu ‘Amir al-Ashari	Abú ‘Ámir al-Asharí	father of Ḥanẓala
Abu ‘Imran Musa ibn Maymun	Abú ‘Imrán Músá ibn Maymún	Maimonides (originally Moshe ben Maimon)
Abu al-‘Ala’ (Abul A’la)	Abú al-‘Alá’ (أبو العلاء)	“father of glory” (“Abul A‘lá”)
Abu ad-Dawahi	Abú ad-Dawáhí	“Father of Iniquities”, Abú Bakr. See Dáhiya.
Abu al-Fida’, Abu’l-Fida’	Abú al-Fidá’, Pers. Abu’l-Fidá’	Abú al-Fidá’ Ismá‘íl ibn ‘Alí ibn Maḥmud al-Malik al-Mu’ayyad ’Imád ad-Dín (1273–1331), better known in English as Abulfeda, was a Kurdish historian, geographer and local governor of Hama. He was a prince of the Ayyubid dynasty and the author of The memoirs of a Syrian prince: Abu’l-Fidáʼ, Sulṭán of Ḥamáh. The moon crater, Abulfeda, is named after him.
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari al-Kinani	Abú Dharr al-Ghifárí al-Kinání	(“Abouzar”, “Abudhar”, “Abu-Dhar Ghefan”) (also known as Jundab bin Junádah bin Sufyán al-Ghifárí) (590–653) illiterate shepherd (of the Banú Ghifár,a Jewish tribe) who became a companion (4th or 5th) of Muḥammad and a companion of Imám ‘Alí
Abu Jahl	Abú Jahl	“father of ignorance”. Amr ibn Hishám ibn al-Mughíra, a leader of the polytheistic Quraysh tribe’s Banú Makhzúm clan. Abú-Jahl was the uncle of Muḥammad and his greatest enemy. He was known as Abu’l-Ḥikam (the father of wisdoms); but for his envy and opposition, Muḥammad named him, Abú-Jahl for his stringent opposition to Muḥammad. See ‘Ikrima.
Abu Nuwas	Abú Nuwáṣ (usually given as “Nuwás”)	nickname (“father of the forelocks”) of al-Ḥasan ibn Hání (Háni’) al-Ḥakamí (756–814), was a classical Arabic poet. See náṣiya and háni’.
Abu Sinan (Abu-Sinan, Abou Senan)	Abú Sínán (Abú-Sínán)	“Father of the teeth”. a Druze village (Hebrew Abu Snan) about 7.5 km east of Bahjí and 4 km west the Druze village of Yarká (Yirká)
Abu-‘Umar-‘Uthman	Abú-‘Umar-‘Uthmán
Abu-Bakr	Abú-Bakr	first Muslim caliph, Abú Bakr ‘Abdalláh bin Abí Quḥáfah, called aṣ-Ṣiddíq by Muḥammad.
Abu-Bakri’s-Siddiq	Abú-Bakri’ṣ-Ṣiddíq	Abú-Bakri’ṣ-Ṣiddíq-ibn-i-Abí-Quḥáfa, the first caliph, CE 632–634
Abu-Hanifa, Abu-Hanifih	Abú-Ḥanífa (or Ḥanífih) an-Nu‘mán	famous Persian theologian and jurist
Abu-Ja’far-i-Tusi	Abú-Ja‘far-i-Ṭúsí	follower of Imám Ṣádiq who handed down his traditions
Abu-Jahl	Abú-Jahl	(Abudjahl) (“father of ignorance”) Abu’l-Ḥakam ‘Amr Ibn Hishám
Abu-Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi	Abú-Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fárábí	(Alpharabius in the West) Persian philosopher and writer (c. 872–between 14 December 950 and 12 January 951)
Abu-Rahim	Abú-Raḥím
Abu-Sufyan	Abú-Sufyán	Ṣakhr ibn Ḥarb, more commonly known as Abú Sufyán (580–640), was the leader of the Quraysh of Mecca, the most powerful tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. He was a staunch opponent of Muḥammad, until later accepting Islám and becoming a warrior later in his life during the early Muslim conquests.
Abu-Talib	Abú-Ṭálib	Abú-Ṭálib, Mullá. Sons ‘Alí Ashraf and Áqá Bálá
Abu-Talib-i-Sang-Sari	Abú-Ṭálib-i-Sang-Sarí	Siyyid Abú-Ṭálib-i-Sang-Sarí (The Dawn-Breakers, p. 426
Abu-Talib-i-Shahmirzadi	Abú-Ṭálib-i-Shahmírzádí
Abu-Turab	Abú-Turáb
Abu-Turab-i-Qazvini	Abú-Turáb-i-Qazvíní
Abu’d-Dawahi	Abu’d-Dawáhí	Father of Misfortunes
Abu’l-Bashar	Abu’l-Bashar	“the father of man”—one of the titles given by Muslims to Adam
Abu’l-Fadl (Gulpaygani, Gulpayigani)	Abu’l-Faḍl	Mírzá Muḥammad Gulpáygání (also Gulpáyigání) (1844–1914) (pseudonym Abu’l-Faḍl—“Father or progenitor of Virtue”) was the foremost Baháʼí scholar who helped spread the Baháʼí Faith in Egypt, Turkmenistan, and the United States. He is one of the few Apostles of Baháʼu’lláh who never met Baháʼu’lláh. ʻAbdu’l-Bahá addressed him as Abu’l-Faḍá’il (“Progenitor of all Virtues” or “Father of all Excellences”).
Abu’l-Fath-i-Shahristani	Abu’l-Fatḥ-i-Shahristání
Abu’l-Fida	Abu’l-Fidá’
Abu’l-Futuh	Abu’l-Futúḥ	(“the Father of Victories”) name given to Enoch Olinga by Shoghi Effendi
Abu’l-Hasan-i-Ardikani	Abu’l-Ḥasan-i-Ardikání, Mullá	Hájí Amín, Amín-i-Iláhí (“Trustee of God”) (Trustee of Ḥuqúqu’lláh)
Abu’l-Hasan-i-Bazzaz	Abu’l-Ḥasan-i-Bazzáz
Abu’l-Hikam	Abu’l-Ḥikam	“the Father of Wisdoms”. See Ḥikma
Abu’l-Huda	Abu’l-Hudá, Shaykh
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Hamadani	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Hamadání
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Kashi	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Káshí	a learned Bábí from Káshán (Abu’l Káẓim)
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Khurasani	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Khurásání
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Mazkani	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Mazkání
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Qa’im-Maqam	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Qá’im-Maqám
Abu’l-Qasim-i-Shirazi	Abu’l-Qásim-i-Shírází
Abu’l-Qasim-ibn-i-Haji-Zayna	Abu’l-Qásim-ibn-i-Ḥájí-Zayná
Abu’sh-Shurur	Abu’sh-Shurúr	“the father of iniquities or wickedness” (EGB, Balyuzi)
Abuqir, Abu Qir	Abúqír, now spelt Abú Qír	is a town (31.311532, 30.060205) visited by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá on the coast 18 NE of Alexandria, Egypt
Abwa	al-Abwá’	village 34 km NE of Rábigh (a town on the Red Sea coast)
Abwab al-Arba’ah, Abwab-i-Arba’ih	al-Abwáb al-Arba‘a[h]	(Pers. Abwáb-i-Arba‘ih or Abváb-i-Arba‘ih) “the Four Gates” for the Twelfth Imám. See Arba‘ and an-Nuwwáb al-‘Arba’a[h].
Abyan	Abyan	clearer, more distinct, more obvious. Root bána, bayán
Ad	‘Ád	Traditionally, a fourth generation descendant of Noah; an ancient Arabian tribe
Ad’iyah wa Munajat	Ad‘iyah (Ad‘iyyih) wa Munáját	“Prayers and Supplications” by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá
Ada, ‘Adat, ‘Awa’id, ‘Adatan	‘Áda(t), pl. ‘Ádát, ‘Awá’id	habit, wont, custom, usage, practice; ‘Ádatan usually, customarily, ordinarily, habitually;—pl. ‘Awá’id taxes, duties; charges, fees, rates
Ada’	‘Adá’	enmity, hostility, antagonism, animosity; aggression
Adab	Adab, pl. Ádáb	culture, refinement; good breeding, good manners, social graces, decorum, decency, propriety, seemliness; humanity, humaneness; the humanities; belles-lettres
Adall	Aḍall	more or most astray; more or most tending to lead astray
Adalla	Aḍalla	“to leave in error or lead astray”
Adam	Ádam	Adam, father of mankind. Abjad value is 45.
Adarisa	Adárisa(h)	the Idrisids (al-Adárisah) were an Arab Muslim dynasty of Morocco (788–974), founded by Idrís I. The Idrisids are considered the founders of the first Moroccan state.
Adasi	‘Adasí	lenticular
Adasiya, Adasiyyih	‘Adasíya[h], Pers. ‘Adasiyyih	now a town (32.666810, 35.623901) in Jordan 17 km SE of Tiberias. This is the resting place of a half brother of Bahá’u’lláh, and one of three villages (he purchased land in 1901) where ‘Abdu’l-Bahá grew corn and wheat during World War I. See as-Samrá and an-Nuqayb.
Addas	‘Addás	(‘adás, lentil(s)) was a young Christian slave boy (originally from Nineveh, an ancient Assyrian city) who lived in Ṭá’if during the time of Muḥammad. He is believed to be the first person from the western province of Ṭá’if to convert to Islam.
Adhab-i-Qabr	‘Adháb-i-Qabr	chastisement in the grave
Adham, Dahma’, Duhm	Adham, fem. Dahmá’, pl. Duhm	black, deep-black. Note Adham (ادهم, d-h-m) has the consonants d and h, not dh.
Adhan	Ádhán (variation Adhán)	announcing, giving notice; the signal for summoning to prayers, by the mu’adhdhin (mu’azzin) or crier, from the minarets or towers of the mosques; listening to. “I bear witness that Muḥammad is the Messenger of Alláh.” At the request of the Báb, Mullá Ṣádiq-i-Muqaddas added after the ádhán: “I bear witness that He whose name is ‘Alíy-Qabl-i-Muḥammad [‘Alí preceding Muḥammad, the Báb] is the servant of the Baqíyyatu’lláh [the “Remnant of God”, Bahá’u’lláh].”
Adhan, Adha	Aḍḥan, Aḍḥá[h]	(collective; nomen unitatis Aḍḥáh) slaughter animal, blood sacrifice, immolation. ‘Íd al-Aḍḥá “Festival of Sacrifice”.
Adhar (Azar), Adhur (Azur)	Ádhar, Ádhur	Pers. fire; and the 9th Persian solar month and the ninth day of every month
Adhar-bad-gan	Ádhar-bád-gán	Pers. a fire-temple. Evolution of name: Ádharbádhagn, Ádharbádgán, Ázarbáydján (New Persian) and present-day Ázarbayján (Azerbaijan). See Ádharbayján.
Adharbayjan, Adhirbayjan	Ádharbayján, (Ázarbayján)	Pers. “land of fire” or “land of fire guardians”. Azerbaijan is a region consisting of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Iranian Azerbaijan (north-western provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Ardabil. Alternatives: Ádhirbayján, Ázarbayján, Ázarbaygán.
Adharbayjani, Adhirbayjani	Ádharbayjání, (Ázarbayjání)	Pers. official language in Ádharbayján
Adhari, Adhariyan	Ádharí, pl. Ádhariyán	Pers. native of Ádharbayján (Ázarí, pl. Ázariyán)
Adi	‘Ádí	customary, usual, common, ordinary, normal, regular; undistinguished, run-of-the-mill; ordinary, regular (e.g., meeting, as opposed to extraordinary, special, emergency); simple, plain, ordinary (man); old, ancient, antique
Adib	Ádib	host
Adib, Adiba, Udaba’	Adíb, fem. Adíba, pl. Udabá’	cultured, refined, educated; well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane; a man of culture and refined tastes; man of letters, writer, author (superlative form of ‘Aduba’ [to learn])
Adibu’l-‘Ulama’	Adíbu’l-‘Ulamá’	littérateur or literary man of the ‘Ulamá’. Title given to Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan, known as Adíb, Hand of the Cause of God.
Adil (‘Adilih), ‘Adila, ‘Adawl	‘Ádil, fem. ‘Ádila, pl. ‘Adawl	just, fair, equitable; upright, honest, straightforward, righteous. Persian fem. also ‘Ádilih
Adil Abad (Adel Abad, ‘Adilabad)	‘Ádil Ábád (‘Ádilábád)	Zindán ‘Ádil Ábád (or Shiraz Central Prison) in Shíráz (29.576725, 52.506803)
Adirna, Adirnih, Adarnah	Adirna[h or t], Pers. Adirnih, T. Adarnah	Hadrianopolis (Greek), Adrianople (English), now known as Edirne. Same numerical value (260=+5+200+4+1 ادرنة,), as Sirr (60+200, “Mystery”). See Adrianople and Arḍ as-Sirr.
Adiya, ‘Adiyat, ‘Awadin	‘Ádiya, pl. ‘Ádiyát, ‘Awádin	wrong, offense, misdeed, outrage; adversity, misfortune, reverse; obstacle, impediment, obstruction;—pl. vicissitudes. Root ‘adá’
Adja’	Adjá‘	father of Qarád SDC 49
Adl, ‘Udul	‘Adl, pl. ‘Udúl	straightness, straightforwardness; justice, impartiality; fairness, equitableness, probity, honesty, uprightness; equitable composition, just compromise;—(pl.) just, equitable, fair, upright, honest; person of good reputation, person with an honourable record (Islamic Law); juristic adjunct assigned to a cadi (Maghrib)
Adliya	‘Adlíya	justice, administration of justice, jurisprudence
Adna, Dunya, Adanin, Adnun	Adná, fem. Dunyá	pl. m. Adánin, Adnún, fem. Dunan) nearer, closer; situated lower down, nether; lower, inferior; lowlier; smaller, of less significance; more appropriate, better suited, more suitable. Femine: world; earth; this world (as opposed to al-úlá (“pre-existence”) and al-ákhira (“afterlife”)); life in this world, worldly existence; worldly. temporal things or possessions; earthly things or concerns. See Awwal and Ákhira entries.
Adrianople	Adrianople	now Edirne. See Adirna.
Adu’dh-Dhikr	‘Adu’dh-Dhikr	Ar. Servant of the Remembrance. A designation of the Báb.
Adud (‘Azud), A’dad	‘Aḍud, pl. A’ḍád	help, aid, assistance, support, backing; helper, aide, assistant, supporter, backer. (pl.) upper arm; strength, power, vigour, force
Adudu’d-Dawlih	‘Aḍudu’d-Dawlih	(CE 978–983)
Aduw, A’da’, ‘Idan, ‘Udan, ‘Udah, A’adin	‘Aduw, pl. A‘dá’, ‘Idan, ‘Udan, ‘Udáh	(pl. also A‘ádin; fem. ‘Adúwa, “‘Aduwa”) enemy
Afaf, ‘Iffa	‘Afáf = ‘Iffa[h or t]	abstinence, continence, virtuousness, virtue, chastity, decency; purity; modesty; integrity, probity, honesty, uprightness, righteousness. ‘Iffat, a daughter of Badí‘u’lláh. See ‘Affa
Afandi (Efendi, Effendi)	Afandí, pl. Afandíyá	from Turkish efendi (pronounced effendi), title of nobility meaning a lord, master or gentleman (after the name, when referring to non-Europeans wearing Western clothes and the tarboosh). It designates a higher rank than Big.
Afdal, Fudla, Afdalun, Afadil, Fudlayat	Afḍal, fem. Fuḍlá	(pl. m. Afḍalún, Afáḍil, fem. Fuḍlayát) better, best; more excellent, preferable, etc.
Aff, ‘Affa	‘Aff, fem. ‘Affa[h or t]	chaste, modest, virtuous, pure; decent; honest, upright, righteous
Affa (‘Iffa, ‘Afaf)	‘Affa (‘Iffa[h or t] = ‘Afáfa)	to refrain, abstain (from something forbidden or indecent); to be abstinent, continent, virtuous, chaste, modest, decent, pure. Derivative: ‘iffa[h or t] abstinence, continence, virtuousness, virtue, chastity, decency; purity; modesty; integrity, probity, honesty, uprightness, righteousness. See ‘Afáf and ‘Iffatíya.
Affan	‘Affán	Pers. name of the father of the caliph ‘Usmán (Othmán or ‘Uthmán)
Afghan	Afghán, pl. Afághina[h or t]	people living in the mountains between the mountains between Kandahár and the river Indus; lamentation, groaning, cries for help; alas!
Afghani	Afghání	of Afghán (adjective and noun)
Afghanistan	Afghánistán	Afghanistan
Afif, Afifa, A’fa’, A’iffa	‘Afíf, fem. ‘Afífa[h or t], pl. A‘fá’, A‘iffa	haste, modest, virtuous, pure; decent; honest, upright, righteous. ‘Afíf is a city 343 km east of Medina. Iṣfahání Pers. ‘Afífih.
Afifi	‘Afífí	of or from ‘Afíf. Muḥammad al-‘Afífí, Persian Consul in ‘Akká in 1880s. He owned the gardens (Ḥumaymih or ‘Afífí) near ‘Ayn Fawwár and the village of an-Nahr. Abú ‘Alá’ ‘Afífí (1919–2007) was a scholar and author known for his work on Sufism and mystical philosophy. He wrote “at-taṣawwuf: al-thawra al-rúḥíya fí’l-Islám” [“Mysticism: The Spiritual Revolution in Islám”], 1963.
Afirin (Afarin), Afrin	Áfirín, Áfrín	Pers. praise, glory, applause, encomium, benediction, blessing; blessed; well done! bravo! name of the first of the five intercalary days of the Persian year; (in compounds) creating
Afjah (Afjeh), Afchah (Afcheh)	Afjah, Afchah	(also Afjih, Afchih) Pers. village (35.859750, 51.689849; 36 km NE Ṭihrán) in Lavasanat District (Bakhsh Lavásánát), Shemiranat County (Sháristán Shimíránát), Teheran Province. It is 7.25 km NE of the town of Lavásán and 47.5 km SW of Takúr. Bahá’u’lláh was the guest of the Grand Vizir, Ja‘far-Qulí Khán, in his summer residence in the village, when the assassination attempt was made on the Sháh near his Níyávarán summer palace.
Aflatun	Afláṭún	Plato, from the Greek form of the name
Afnan-i-Kabir	Afnán-i-Kabír
Afra	Afrá	Pers. bravo! well done! praise applause. Village SW of Qá’im Shahr and just to the east of the Shrine of Shaykh Ṭabarsí. The village masjid (36.436642, 52.815196) is 0.9 km to the east. The village was owned by Naẓar Khán.
Afranj	Afranj	Pers. Elegance, dignity, grace; magnificence, grandeur, power; maguitude; a throne; a crown; provisions, necessaries. The Franks, French; the crusaders; all Europeans. Khán-i-Afranj in ‘Akká.
Afrasiyab (“Afrasyab”)	Afrásiyáb	Pers. name of an ancient king celebrated in Persian poetry, sovereign of Túrán, and a Scythian or Turk by birth; one who moves leisurely on the road; a travelling companion
Afriqa, Ifriqiya, Afriqiya	Afríqá fem.	and Ifríqiyá (now usually pronounced Afríqiyá fem.) Africa
Afrukhta (Afrokhta, Afrukhtih)	Afrúkhta(h)	Pers. inflamed, lighted; shining, radiant; polished, furbished
Afruz (Afroz)	Afrúz	Pers. burning; illuminating, dazzling, animating. Feminine name.
Afsah, Fusha	Afṣaḥ, fem. Fuṣḥá	of purer language; more eloquent
Afsana (Afsanih, Afsaneh)	Áfsána, Afsána	Pers. fem. name. A charm, incantation; a fiction, tale, fable, romance, parable; a narrative, a story of past events; public, notorious, noted.
Afshar	Afshár	Pers. a largely nomadic Turkic tribe mostly found in Írán; (in compounds) speaking idly; fixing, inserting; pressing, squeezing out (water); a weaver’s foot treadle; an assistant, associate, companion, partner
Afshin	Afshín	Pers. name of a person known for his liberality
Aftab-parast	Áftáb-Parast	Pers. a worshipper of the sun; sun-flower; a chameleon (or iguana); a water-lily; in India, any blue flower
Aftab, Aftabam	Áftáb	Pers. masc. name, sunlight or sunshine; the sun; a day; wine; the soul. Áftábam (Áftáb+am) I am the sun. See Khurshíd
Aftabah (Aftabih)	Áftábah	Pers. a ewer, water-pot, or kettle
Aftah, Mufattah	Afṭaḥ and Mufaṭṭaḥ	broad-headed, broad-nosed
Afus	Afús	village 156 km WNW of Iṣfahán
Afuw	‘Afúw	one who forgives much. al-‘Afúw, attribute of God, The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver
Afw	‘Afw, Pers. also ‘Afú, ‘Ufú	effacement, obliteration, elimination; pardon, forgiveness; waiver of punishment (Islamic Law); amnesty (for); boon, kindness, favour; surplus
Afyah, Fayha	Afyaḥ, fem. Fayḥá’	fragrant, redolent, aromatic, sweet-smelling; wide, vast, spacious, extensive. al-Fayḥá’ (another name for Tripoli), because of the smell of the orange pollen from vast orange orchards that were in the area. al-Fayḥá’ is a nickname of Damascus.
Agah	Ágáh	Pers. aware, wary; intelligent, knowing, acquainted with; prudent; vigilant, attentive; notice, news, indication, information
Agahu’llah	Ágáhu’lláh	Ágáhu’lláh Tízfahm, executed May 1982
Agar, Ar	Agar, Ar	Pers. if; although
Agarih (Agareh, Agira, Agreh)	Agarih	Pers. a tiny village (36.1595203, 53.832541) 26 klm SW of Chashmah-i-‘Alí, in Semnan Province
Agha, Aghawat, Aghayan	Ágh;á, pl. Aghawát, Pers. Ágháyán	lord, master, sir; eunuch serving at royal court, harem chamberlain. Ághá Muḥammad Khán-i Qájár (14 March 1742–1797), castrated as a 6 year old, chieftain of the Quyúnlú branch of the Qájár tribe, as the founder of the Qájár dynasty of Írán (r. 1789–1797). Similar to áqá.
AH	AH	Anno Hejirae (Latin, “in the year of the Hijira”, used in the West)—precedes the date. H or Hijra in the Islamic calendar.
Ahad, Ihda	Aḥad, fem. Iḥdá, pl. Áḥád	one; somebody, someone, anybody, anyone (especially in negative sentences and questions). al-Aḥad (“the only one”), an attribute of God.
Ahadiya (Ahadiyya)	Aḥadíya(h or t)	unity, oneness (also absolute unity), singularity; concord, alliance
Ahamid (Ahamed)	Aḥamid	powerful, authoritative or influential. A variant used in the Indian region for Aḥmad.
Ahang	Áhang aḥám	Pers. concord, symphony, harmony, modulation, melody, pitch, tune; design, institution, purpose, intention; canon, regulation; rule, custom, manner of proceeding; a row, a series; the side (of a cistern); the curve or arch of a cupola or dome; a tether, stable, stall; haste, expedition; behold!
Ahangar	Áhangar	Pers. blacksmith, a dealer in iron
Ahd, ‘Uhud	‘Ahd, pl. ‘Uhúd	knowledge; acquaintance, contact (with); the well-known, familiar nature (of something); close observance, strict adherence (to), keeping, fulfilment (of a promise); delegation, assignment, committing (of something to someone), vesting (in someone of something), commissioning, charging, entrusting (of someone with something); commission; making a will or testament;—pl. commitment, obligation, liability; responsibility; pledge, vow; promise; oath; contract, compact, covenant, pact, treaty, agreement; time, epoch, era. Meaning in Bahá’í Writings (see Kitáb-i-‘Ahd) is usually “covenant”. Muḥammad is described as having an “unwritten Covenant” since He was unable to write it. ibn al-‘Ahd Bahá’u’lláh, “The Child of the Covenant of Bahá’u’lláh” is the Will and Testament of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and the Bahá’í Administrative Order (God Passes By, p. 243)
Ahda	Ahdá	better guided; more correct, more proper, better. Qur’án 28:49: Qur’án gives ahdá, “clearer” guidance; not afṣáḥ, “eloquent” language—this is the criterion for judging the inimitability (i‘jáz) of the Qur’án: “its ability to guide humanity to the truth, to Allah and to salvation, its ability to inspire people with devotion and to constrain people to act in ways that are moral and righteous.” Islam and the Bahá’í Faith, p. 230.
Ahdiya, Ahdiyih (Ahdieh)	‘Ahdiya[h or t], “Pers.” ‘Ahdiyih	the one who keeps his covenant or word, a faithful one. Hushang Ahdieh.
Ahi	Áhí	Pers. a fawn
Ahkam	Aḥkam	wiser, stronger, strongest; very firm; more, most, or very stable; most able to decide
Ahl al-Kisa’	Ahl al-Kisa’	people of the cloak: Muḥammad; his daughter, Fáṭima; his cousin and son-in-law ‘Alí; and his two grandsons Ḥassan and Ḥusayn.
Ahl al-Kitab, Ahlu’l-Kitab	Ahl al-Kitáb, Ahlu’l-Kitáb	“people of the Book”. Used by members of some Christian denominations to refer to themselves; used in Judaism to refer to the Jewish people; and an Islamic term that refers to Jews, Christians, Sabians and Zoroastrians.
Ahl at-Tariq	Ahl aṭ-Ṭaríq	“people of the path” or “people of true religion” (Islamic)
Ahl-i-Baha	Ahl-i-Bahá	“people of Bahá”
Ahl-i-Bayan	Ahl-i-Bayán	“people of the Bayán”
Ahl-i-Haqq	Ahl-i-Ḥaqq	“people of the truth”
Ahl, Ahlun, Ahalin, Ahali	Ahl, pl. Ahlún, Ahálin, Ahálí	relatives, folks, family; kin, kinfolk; wife; (with following genitive) people, members, followers, adherents, possessors, etc.; inhabitants; deserving, worthy (of something); fit, suited, qualified (for);—pl. the natives, the native population;—pl. ahálí inhabitants, citizens, commons; persons, individuals, members; family-folk; consorts, spouses, wives; domestics, dependants, followers
Ahla	Aḥlá	spouses, wives; domestics, dependants, followers
Ahli	Ahli	(the) people, or (of the) people
Ahmad al-Ahsa’i, Shaykh	Aḥmad al-Aḥsá’í, Shaykh	Aḥmad b. Zayn ad-Dín b. Ibráhím al-‘Aḥsá’í known as Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsá’í (1753–1826). Born in the village of al-Mutayrifí (25.478801, 49.557241), and died in Hadíyah (25.533908, 38.749569), Saudi Arabia, about 140 km NW of Medina. He is buried in the cemetery of al-Baqí‘ (24.46713, 39.616360) in Medina. The first of the “twin resplendent lights” (Bábayn, two gates) who taught their followers that the coming of the Promised One of Islám (the Báb) was at hand and prepared them for His advent. Founder of the 19th-century Shí‘í Shaykhism (ash-Shaykhiya[h]), whose followers are known as Shaykhis (Shaykhiyún). For successor, see Siyyid Káẓim Rashtí.
Ahli	Ahlí	domestic, family (adjective); native, resident; indigenous; home, national
Ahmad, Ahamid (Ahamed)	Aḥmad, pl. Aḥamíd	more laudable, more commendable, more praised [comparative form of ‘ḥamida’ (to praise)]—a title of Muḥammad
Ahmad Big Tawfiq	Aḥmad Big Tawfíq
Ahmad-i-‘Allaf	Aḥmad-i-‘Alláf
Ahmad-i-Azghandi	Aḥmad-i-Azghandí
Ahmad-i-Bahrayni	Aḥmad-i-Baḥrayní
Ahmad-i-Ibdal	Aḥmad-i-Ibdál
Ahmad-i-Ibdal-i-Maraghi’i	Aḥmad-i-Ibdál-i-Marághi’í
Ahmad-i-Kashani	Aḥmad-i-Káshání
Ahmad-i-Katib	Aḥmad-i-Kátib
Ahmad-i-Khurasani	Aḥmad-i-Khurásání
Ahmad-i-Kirmani	Aḥmad-i-Kirmání
Ahmad-i-Mu’allim	Aḥmad-i-Mu‘allim
Ahmad-i-Nukhud-Biriz	Aḥmad-i-Nukhud-Biríz
Ahmad-i-Payvandi	Aḥmad-i-Payvandí
Ahmad-i-Qazvini	Aḥmad-i-Qazvíní
Ahmad-i-Ruhi	Aḥmad-i-Rúḥí
Ahmad-i-Saffar	Aḥmad-i-Ṣaffár
Ahmad-i-Yazdi	Aḥmad-i-Yazdí
Ahmad-ibn-i-Abi-Talib-i-Tabarsi	Aḥmad-ibn-i-Abí-Ṭálib-i-Ṭabarsí
Ahmadiy, Ahmadi	Aḥmadíy, Aḥmadí	belonging to Aḥmad; a Muslim; name of a gold coin
Ahmadiya	Aḥmadíya[h], Pers. Aḥmadiyya[h]	followers of Aḥmad (alternative name for Muḥammad). al-Jamá‘ah al-Islámíyah al-Aḥmadíyah (the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community), founded by Mírzá Ghulám Aḥmad in Qádiyán, Punjab, India. Aḥmadíya Shaykh Maḥmúd al-Masjid in Haifa (32.804954, 34.969869).
Ahmar, Hamra, Humr	Aḥmar, fem. Ḥamrá’, pl. Ḥumr	red, red-coloured, ruddy; rosy, pink. Alhambra (Spanish), the Citadel of Granada, (“the Red Palace”; al-Ḥamrá’, lit. “the red one”). Baḥru’l-Aḥmar, the Red Sea.1
1A system of color symbolism representing the cardinal directions, believed to be used by the Achaemenids (or First Persian Empire) (550–330 BC), had black for north (e.g. North or Black Sea), red for south (e.g. South or Red Sea), white for west (e.g. White or Mediterranean Sea), and green or light blue for east.
Ahrari	Aḥrárí	Ḍíyá’u’lláh Aḥrárí executed 1982. Aḥrár is pl. of Ḥurr
Ahsa’i	Aḥsá’í	of or from al-Aḥsá’. See Ḥisá’ and Shaykh Aḥmad-i-Aḥsá’í.
Ahsan, Ahasin	Aḥsan, pl. Aḥásin	better; nicer, lovelier, more beautiful; more excellent, more splendid, more admirable
Ahsanu’l-Qisas	Aḥsanu’l-Qiṣaṣ	The Best of Stories: a name for the Surih of Joseph.—Tafsír-i-Aḥsanu’l-Qiṣaṣ : the Báb’s commentary on the Súrih of Joseph, the Qayyúmu’l-Asmá’, called the Qur’án of the Bábís. Translated into Persian by Ṭáhirih.
Ahu	Áhú	Pers. a vice, fault, defect, stain, spot, villainy; flight, escape; an exclamation, cry for help; an asthma ; a deer, roe, gazelle ; any object of pursuit or chase; a beautiful eye; a mistress
Ahwa, Hawwa’ (Hauwa’)	Aḥwá, fem. Ḥawwá’	black, dusky (in the lips); fem. Eve, the mother of mankind. Abjad value of Eve is 16.
Ahwar, Hawra (Haura), Hur, Huran	Aḥwár, fem. Ḥawrá’, pl. Ḥúr, Pers. Ḥúrán	having eyes with a marked contrast of white and black, (also, said of the eye:) intensely white and deep-black.—pl. Ḥúr (also used as singular in Pers.) interpreted as virgins or a “virgin of Paradise”. See ḥúríya and ḥúrí.
Aja’ibu’l-Makhluqat	‘Ajá’ibu’l-Makhlúqat	“The marvels of creation” by Qazwíní
Ajab, A’jab	‘Ajab, pl. A‘jáb	astonishment, amazement;—(pl.) wonder, marvel
Ajal	Ajal, pl. Ájál	appointed time (term), date, deadline; instant of death; respite, delay. In the Qur’án often refers to the term of nation(s).
Ajal, ‘Ajala	‘Ajal, fem. ‘Ajala[h or t]	hurry, haste; precipitance, precipitation, ‘Ajal Alláhu Farajahu (“May God hasten his [Qá’im’s] glad advent”).
Ajam	‘Ajam	(collective) mute in the sense of mumbling or to speak indistinctly, hence barbarians, non-Arabs (modern), Persians. Opposite of ‘Aran. Also (collective; noun denoting an individual) stone kernel, pit, pip, seed (of fruit)
Ajami, A’jam	‘Ajamí, pl. A‘jám	barbarian, non-Arab; Persian (adj. and n.)
Ajda’	Ajda‘	mutilated (by having the nose, or the like cut off). SDC p. 49.
Ajiba, ‘Aja’ib	‘Ajíba, pl. ‘Ajá’ib	wondrous thing, unheard of thing, prodigy, marvel, miracle, wonder;—pl. remarkable things, curiosities, oddities
Ajja, Ajij	Ajja, Ajíj	to burn, blaze, flame (fire). e.g. Má’ ujáj bitter, salty water.
Ajudan	Ájúdán	Pers. aide-de-camp, adjutant
Ajudan-Bashi	Ájúdán-Báshí	Pers. chief adjutant
Ajuz, ‘Ajz, A’jaz	‘Ajuz, ‘Ajz, pl. A‘jáz	backside, rump, posteriors. Also stem, stump, trunk (of palm tree) Qur’án 54:20 & 69:7
Ajwibatu’l-Masá’il, Ajwibatu’l-Masa’il	Ajwibat al-Masá’il	“Answers to some questions”, book by Shaykh Aḥmad. Pers. Ajwibatu’l-Masá’il (Ajvibatu’l-Masa’il). See Jawáb
Ajz	‘Ajz	weakness, incapacity, disability, failure, impotence (for, to do something); deficit
Akasha (‘Akash, Akkash)	‘Akásha[h or t]	awkwardness, clumsiness
Akbar-ibn-i-‘Abid	Akbar-ibn-i-‘Ábid
Akbar, Akbarun, Akabir, Kubra, Kubrayat	Akbar, pl. Akbarún, Akábir	greater, bigger, larger; older; senior-ranking [comparative form of ‘kabura’ (to elevate)]. Note: akbar, اكبر, consists of four consonants: ر ب ك ا (right to left in Arabic, or Alif, Káf, Bá’ and Rá’ in English)—the first letter is an Alif, but shown as a short vowel.Fem. Kubrá, pl. Kubrayát.
Akh, Ikhwa, Ikhwan	Akh, pl. Ikhwa, Ikhwán	brother; fellow man, neighbour; friend;—pl. ikhwán specifically, brethren or members of an order; al-ikhwán religious brotherhood of the Wahabi sect, militant in character, established by Ibn Sa‘úd in 1910
Akhar	Ákhar	another, different, second
Akhbari. Akhbariyun	Akhbárí, pl. Akhbaríyún	news. The Akhbaris are a group of Imámí jurists who only accept the traditions ascribed to the Prophet and the Imáms. The school was founded by Mullá Muḥammad-Amír of Astarábád. This is in contrast with the mujtahids or the Uṣúlí (they constitute the vast majority of the Twelvers), who maintain that the mujtahid has the right, as the deputy of the Hidden Imám, to deduce principles from the Qur’án as well as the traditions, and to use qiyás or ‘analogy’ to make an authoritative statement. See Khabar, pl. Akhbár.
Akhdar (Akhzar), Khadra’, Khudr	Akhḍar (f.), Khaḍrá’, pl. Khuḍr	green. al-Khaḍrá’ “the Verdant” (epithet of Tunis); the sky. Persian forms are similar and the ḍ is replaced by a ẓ. Khaḍrá’—final Hamza is left out in some books.
Akhir, Uthra, Awakhir	Akhír, irregular fem. Uthrá, pl. Awákhir	ast; latest; rearmost; the second of two. irregular fem. al-ukhrá, the invisible world, the afterlife, the hereafter.
Akhir, Akhira, Akhirun, Akhirat, Awakhir	Ákhir, pl. Ákhirún, Awákhir	(fem. Ákhira[h or t], pl. Ákhirát) last, ultimate, utmost, extreme; end, close, conclusion; foot, bottom (of a paper). fem. al-ákhira[h or t] the invisible world, the afterlife, the hereafter. See akhúr, dunyá and awwal.
Akhlat	Ákhlaṭ	Turkish (also Ahlat; Armenian Khlat) is a historic town and district on the west side of Lake Van.
Akhtar-Khawari (Akhtar-Khavari)	Akhtar-Kháwarí
Akhtar, Akhtaran	Akhtar, pl. Akhtarán	Pers. a star; horoscope, predominant star at anyone’s nativity; an omen, augury; an ensign, standard; name of an angel. Name of a newspaper
Akhtaran Taban	Akhtarán-i-Tábán	Pers. “brilliant stars”. Book by Furúgh Arbáb.
Akhu’th-Thamarah	Akhu’th-Thamarah	“the Brother of the Fruit”. Báb: “Akhu’th-Thamarah, 238”—The fruit is Mírzá Yaḥyá and 238 equals Ḥusayn-‘Alí (Bahá’u’lláh)
Akhur	Akhúr, Pers. also Ákhur	a stall, a[n animal] stable or barn for horses; the collar-bone. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá substituted ákhur for ákhir on a number of occasions when referring to the ‘ulamá’: “They have held to this [animal] stable but they have not seen the ultimate of things.” Diary of Juliet Thompson, p. 102. See Ákhir.
Akhwand, Akhund, Akhwanda-ha	Akhwánd, Akhúnd, pl. Akhwánda-há	Pers. (also “Ákhúnd” and Akhond) tutor, master, preacher (low ranking Muslim priest or mullah). See ‘Alí-Akbar-i-Shahmírzádí
Akif, Akifan	‘Ákif, pl. ‘Ákifán	Pers. assiduous, diligent; constantly staying in the mosque and employed in devotion
Akka, ‘Akk	‘Akka (‘Akk)	to be sultry, muggy (day), sweltering
Akka, ‘Akka’	‘Akka[h], ‘Akká’ and ‘Akká	‘Ako (Phoenician, “curved triangle”), more commonly spelt Akko or Acre (seaport in Israel). ‘Akká is the Arabic form used by Bahá’ís. Houses in ‘Akká used by the Bahá’ís: Malik, Khavvám and Rábi’ih, ‘Údí Khammár and ‘Abbúd. Bahá’u’lláh’s family left in 1877 for Mazra‘ih.
Akram, Akarim	Akram, pl. Akárim	nobler more distinguished; more precious, more valuable; most honourable; very high-minded, very noble-hearted, most generous
Akthar	Akthar	more; oftener, more frequently; more numerous; longer; most; major portion, greater part, majority
Al	Ál	family, relatives, kinsfolk, clan; companions, partisans, people; mirage, fatamorgana. This is not the Arabic definite article al-. Ál-mán (“our kin”) used by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá as a play on the word alámán (a German) in Persian.
Al-	al-	the definite article in Arabic, often translated as “the” in English. The letter “l” is replaced by a sun letter if the following word starts with one of the 14 sun letters—refer to the Arabic letters and abjad values section.
Al-i-Muhammad	Ál-i-Muḥammad	children (or family) of Muḥammad
Ala	‘Alá	(preposition) on, upon, on top of, above, over (place, rank); at, on, by; in, in the state of, in the manner of, in possession of; to, toward, for; in addition to; to the debit of, to the disadvantage of; against, in spite of, despite; on the basis of, on the strength of, by virtue of, due to, upon; by, through; according to, in accordance with, pursuant to; to (one’s taste, one’s mind, one’s liking, etc.); during
Ala	‘Alá’	high rank, high standing, nobility; loftiness
Ala, Uluw	‘Alá, ‘Ulúw	to be high, elevated, rise high, loom, tower up; to rise, ascend; to ring out (voice); etc.
Ala’	Álá’	Pers. benefits, favours, kindnesses
Ala’i	‘Alá’í (علائی)	from the root ‘Alá, high, elevated. Shu‘á‘u’lláh ‘Alá’í, Hand of the Cause of God.
Ala’u’d-Dawlih	‘Alá’u’d-Dawlih, Yúsuf
Alam	Alam, pl. Álám	pain, ache, suffering, agony
Alam al-Hayawan	‘Álam al-Ḥayawán	the animal kingdom
Alam al-Ma’adin	‘Álam al-Ma‘ádin	the mineral kingdom
Alam an-Nabat	‘Álam an-Nabát	the vegetable kingdom
Alam-i-Dharr	‘Álam-i-Dharr	“realm of subtle entities” is an allusion to the Covenant between God and Adam mentioned in Qur’án 7:172
Alam, A’lam (I’lam)	‘Alam, pl. A‘lám	sign, token, mark, badge, distinguishing mark, characteristic; road sign, signpost, guidepost; flag, banner, standard, ensign, streamer, pennants; mountain (Qur’án 55:24); a distinguished, outstanding man; an eminent personality, an authority, a star, a luminary
Alam, Alamun, Awalim	‘Álam, pl. ‘Álamún, ‘Awálim	world; universe, cosmos;—pl. ‘Álamún—inhabitants of the world, specifically human beings. al-‘álamán the two worlds = Europe and America. See Baḥrání
Alama, Alamat, Ala’im	‘Aláma[h or t], pl. ‘Alámát, ‘Alá’im	mark, sign, token; badge, emblem; distinguishing mark, characteristic. Used for the signs of the promised Resurrection.
Alamat	‘Alámát al-Waqf	“signs for stops” are symbols used to indicate Qur’anic punctuation. Some are listed here. (م) mím: mandatory stop. (ج) jím: optional stop. (لا) lám alif: do not stop here. س)) sín: take a soft/short pause without taking a breath. (قلي): you can stop or move on, but stopping is preferred. (صلي): you can stop or continue, but continuing is preferred. (⸫) ta‘ánuq al-waqf: you can stop at one, but not both. ◯ the “perfect stop”, or various symbols, e.g. ֍ : the end of a verse
Alamat al-Faraj	‘Alámát al-Faraj	“Signs of deliverance” will occur, according to Shaykh Aḥmad Aḥsá’í, in the year 68 (ḥín) or AH 1268 (ended 15 October 1852)/CE 1952, and he alluded to “after a while” (ba‘da ḥín) in Qur’án 38:88. This is about the time Bahá’u’lláh (sometime in October 1852) has a vision of the Maiden, who announces to Him that He is the Manifestation of God for this Age. The Báb repeatedly gave the year nine as the date of the appearance of “Him Whom God shall make manifest”. The Declaration of the Báb occurred in AH 1260, and the year nine (AH 1269) started 16 October 1952.
Alami	‘Álami	worldly, secular, world (adj.); international; world-wide, world-famous, enjoying world-wide renown
Alamu’l-Amr	‘Álamu’l-Amr	(lower) world of creation
Alamu’l-Haqq	‘Álamu’l-Ḥaqq	(upper) eternally inaccessible world of God that is exalted beyond the grasp of the minds of men
Alamu’l-Huda	‘Alamu’l-Hudá	“distinguished guide”
Alamu’l-Khalq	‘Álamu’l-Khalq	(intermediate) world of the revelation of the divine command
Alamut	Alamút	eagle-nest. Name of a region in Írán on the western edge of the Alborz (Elburz) range and a ruined fortress (55 km NE of Qazvín and 110 km NW of Ṭihrán.
Alaniya	‘Aláníya	openness, overtness, publicness, publicity (as opposed to secrecy)
Alaq, ‘Alaqun, ‘Alaqat	‘Alaq(at), ‘Alaqun, pl. ‘Alaqát	medicinal leech; leech; (coagulated) blood, blood clot. Note: the tá’ marbúṭa here is represented by ‘at’.
Alast (Alastu)	Alast (Alastu)	“Am I not?” Cycle of alast is a reference to a pre historic Covenant between God and man. According to Qur’án 7:172, God called all the men in his presence before their creation and asked them alastu bi-rabbikum? “Am I not your Lord?” and all the men confirmed that by saying “yes, yes, thou art our Lord”. This demonstrates the total and inherent essential dependence of man to the continuous grace of God. So alast and the cycle of alast is a reference to this Covenant.
Alawi, ‘Alawiya, ‘Alawiyan	‘Alawí, fem. ‘Alawíya[h or t]	pl. ‘alawiyán upper; heavenly, celestial; prince, lord (a descendant of ‘Alí ibn Abí Ṭálib). ‘Alawíya[h] is a follower of Imám ‘Alí; English Alawis or Alawites; official name of the Nusayris (Nuṣayríyah), an Islamic sect inhabiting the coastal district of Latakia in NW Syria, founded by Ibn Nusayr. Pers. also ‘Alawiyih.
Alayhi (‘Alaihi)	‘Alayhi	upon, against, with him (or it);—‘alayhi’s-salám, Peace be upon him! (formula of reverence added after the name of any prophet). Abbreviation in English pbuh.
Alayka (‘Alaika), ‘Alayki, ‘Alaykum	‘Alayka, fem. ‘Alayki, pl. ‘Alaykum	(fem. pl. ‘Alaykunna) (‘Alayka = ‘Alá + káf) above, on, or to thee, on you. In some places ‘Alayka is shortened to ‘Alayk. salám.
Alaʼ ad-Din, ʻAlaʼ ud-Din, ‘Ala’u’d-Din	ʻAláʼ ad-Dín, ʻAláʼ ud-Dín, ‘Alá’u’d-Dín	(علاء الدين) Aladdin (form dependent on whether nominative, genitive or accusative) is a male given name “nobility of faith” or “nobility of creed/religion”. Sometimes written ‘Alá’u-d-dín or ‘Alá ad-Dunyá wa ad-Dín Abu’l Muẓaffar Tekish (Tekiş? ibn Il-Arslán, Sháh of the Khwarezmian Empire (r. 1172–1200). His son, ‘Alá ad-Dín Muḥammad II (full name: ‘Alá ad-Dunyá wa ad-Dín Abu’l-Fatḥ Muḥammad Sanjar ibn Tekish), Sháh of the Khwarezmian Empire (r. 1200–1220). He is perhaps best known for inciting the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia, which resulted in the utter destruction of his empire.
Alburz	Alburz, Alborz	the principal mountain range in northern Írán
Alf, Uluf	Alf, pl. Ulúf, Áláf	thousand; millennium
Alfi ‘Id	Alfí: Alfí ‘Íd	millennial celebration, millenary
Alfiya (Alfiyya)	Alfíya(h), Pers. Alfíyyih	millennium. al-Alfíya short title of al-Khuláṣa al-Alfíya (“Millennium Summary”), famous 1,000 line poem on the principles of Arabic grammar by Ibn Málik, Abú ‘Abd Alláh Jamál ad-Dín Muḥammad (c. 1204–1274), was an Arab grammarian born in Jaén, Spain, worked in Damascus.
Ali	‘Alí	high, eminent. al-‘Alí, the divine name for the All-Knowing.
Ali an-Naqi, Ali-Naqi	‘Alí an-Naqí, ‘Alí-Naqí	‘Alí ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Alí, commonly known as ‘Alí al-Hádí and ‘Alí an-Naqí, 10th Imám
Ali Baba	‘Alí Bábá	Mullá ‘Alí Bábá of Tákur. ‘Alí Bábá wa al-Arbá‘ún Luṣúṣ (“‘Alí Bábá and the forty thieves”). Name in English has become Alibaba.
Ali Big Yuz-Bashi	‘Alí Big Yúz-Báshí
Ali ibn Abi Talib	‘Alí ibn Abí Ṭálib	Imám ‘Alí (the first) (601–661), son of ‘Abú Ṭálib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib, was a cousin and son-in-law of Muḥammad, who ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661. He is one of the central figures in Shí‘a Islám and is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muḥammad as an Imám by Shí‘a Muslims
Ali ibn Muhammad	‘Alí ibn Muḥammad
Ali ibn Musa’r-Rida	‘Alí ibn Músá’r-Riḍá
Ali Pasha	‘Álí Páshá	Muḥammad Amín ‘Álí Páshá or in Turkish, Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha (1815–1871), five times he was appointed the Grand Vizier (or Prime Minister) of the Ottoman Empire by two Sultans.
Ali-‘Askar-i-Tabrizi	‘Alí-‘Askar-i-Tabrízí	Merchant from Tabríz
Ali-Abad (Aliabad, Aliyabad)	‘Alí-Ábád	a village 35 km SW of Ṭihrán. A very small village (35.1318499, 50.9764761) in the Central District of Qom County, Qom Province. A very common name.
Ali-Ahmad	‘Alí-Aḥmad
Ali-Akbar-i-Ardistani	‘Alí-Akbar-i-Ardistání
Ali-Akbar-i-Mazgani	‘Alí-Akbar-i-Mázgání	(MF)
Ali-Akbar-i-Najjar	‘Alí-Akbar-i-Najjár	(MF)
Ali-Akbar-i-Quchani	‘Alí-Akbar-i-Qúchání
Ali-Akbar-i-Shahmirzadi	‘Alí-Akbar-i-Shahmírzádí	known as Ḥájí Ákhúnd, a Hand of the Cause of God (1842–1910)
Ali-Asghar	‘Alí-Aṣghar	(MF)
Ali-Baba	‘Alí-Bábá
Ali-Hamzih	‘Alí-Ḥamzih
Ali-ibn-i-Abi-Talib	‘Alí-ibn-i-Abí-Ṭálib
Ali-ibn-i-Muhammad	‘Alí-ibn-i-Muḥammad
Ali-ibn-i-Musa’r-Rida	‘Alí-ibn-i-Músá’r-Riḍá
Ali-Jan	‘Alí-Ján
Ali-Khan	‘Alí-Khán
Ali-Mardan	‘Alí-Mardán
Ali-Mirzay-i-Shirazi	‘Alí-Mírzáy-i-Shírází
Ali-Muhammad	‘Alí-Muḥammad
Ali-Murad (‘Alimurad)	‘Alí-Murád	(Sometimes shortened to ‘Alímurád)
Ali-Qabl-i-Muhammad	‘Alí-Qabl-i-Muḥammad
Ali-Quli Khan (Ali-Kuli Khan)	‘Alí-Qulí Khán	better known as Ali-Kuli Khan (c. 1879-1966), married Florence Breed (parents of Marzieh Gail). He was born in Káshán. Persian diplomat (given the title Nabíl al-Dawla by the Qájár government in 1914) and a Bahá’í translator.
Ali-Rida	‘Alí-Riḍá
Ali-Shawkat	‘Alí-Shawkat	(GPB 241)
Ali, 'Aliy, 'Aliya, 'Ilya	‘Alí, adj. ‘Alíy, fem. ‘Alíya[h or t]	(pl. ‘Ilya[h or t]) high, tall, elevated: exalted, sublime, lofty, august, excellent; —pl. upper class, people of distinction, prominent people. Name of the son-in-law and fourth successor of the Prophet Muḥammad. al-‘Alí, the Most High, the Supreme (one of the attributes of God).
Alif	Alif	the vertically aligned or “upright” first consonant (ﺍ, á) with an abjad value of 1. The basic shape of the alif has two forms depending on its position in a word. The alif is one of three letters: alif ا, wáw و, and yá’ ي, which might be either a consonant or a vowel letter. The Báb is often identified as the “upright Alif”, a vertical line that is unwavering and straight, and thus the symbol of the true Path of God, the supreme Standard of truth, the straight line of justice and moderation. In writing the alif serves as a prop for vowel-signs (small vowel diacritics above or below): اَ a; اِ i; اُ u; اُو ú, o, au; and ای í, e, ai. Since an alif cannot occur at the end of a word, an alif maqṣúra, written as ى, and pronounced as á (e.g., ىمر ramá) is used, and the ى takes markings such as ḥamza like a regular alif. The ىٰ is called an alif qá’ima, alif khanjaríyah, or dagger alif. The alif at the end of the word is called الألف اللينة (al-alif al-layna[t]), which can be translated as “the soft or flexible alif” because it can be written as either a و or a ي.
Alil, A’illa’	‘Alíl, pl. A‘illa’	sick, ill, ailing; sick person, patient; soft, gentle, mild, pleasant. meaning with place names: “lower”
Alim, ‘Ulama	‘Alím, pl. ‘Ulamá’ (Pers. ‘Ulamá)	knowing; cognizant, informed; learned, erudite; al-‘Alím the omniscient (one of the attributes of God)
Alim, Alima, Ulama	‘Álim, fem. ‘Álima, pl. ‘Ulamá’	(adj. or noun) “scholar”, knowing; familiar, acquainted (with), cognizant (of); expert, connoisseur, professional;—pl. “learned ones”, learned, erudite; scholars (of Islamic law), savants, scientists, doctors, theologians. The ‘ulamá’ are Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology. The ‘ulamá’ are collectively known in Persian society as the Jámi‘a-i Rúḥáníyat (the spiritual concourse). Bahá’í Writings use ‘Ulamá.
Alima (‘Ilm)	‘Alima (‘Ilm)	to know; teach; tell, notify; to learn, study; to inquire, ask
Alin	‘Álin	high, tall, elevated; loud, strong (voice); higher (as opposed to elementary); lofty, exalted, sublime, high-ranking, of high standing; excellent, first-class, first-rate, outstanding, of top quality (commodity)
Alipur or Chah-i-Ahmad Vatn Dust	‘Alípúr or Cháh-i-Aḥmad Vaṭn Dús	village in Yunesi Rural District, Yunesi District, Bajestan County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Írán
Aliy-i-Baraqani	‘Alíy-i-Baraqání
Aliy-i-Barfurushi	‘Alíy-i-Bárfurúshí	Muḥammad-‘Alíy-i-Bárfurúshí (1820–1849) was entitled Quddús by Bahá’u’lláh at Badasht and this was later confirmed by the Báb.
Aliy-i-Bastami	‘Alíy-i-Basṭámí	Mullá ‘Alíy-i-Basṭámí, a Letter of the Living
Aliy-i-Kani	‘Alíy-i-Kání
Aliy-i-Kirmanshahi	‘Alíy-i-Kirmánsháhí
Aliy-i-Las-Furush	‘Alíy-i-Lás-Furúsh
Aliy-i-Miri	‘Alíy-i-Mírí
Aliy-i-Mudhahhib	‘Alíy-i-Mudhahhib
Aliy-i-Qazvini	‘Alíy-i-Qazvíní
Aliy-i-Sabzivari	‘Alíy-i-Sabzivárí
Aliy-i-Salmani	‘Alíy-i-Salmání
Aliy-i-Sardar	‘Alíy-i-Sardár
Aliy-i-Sayyah-i-Maraghih’i	‘Alíy-i-Sayyáḥ-i-Maraghih’í
Aliy-i-Tabib-i-Zanjani	‘Alíy-i-Ṭabíb-i-Zanjání
Aliy-i-Tafrishi	‘Alíy-i-Tafríshí
Aliy-i-Turshizi	‘Alíy-i-Turshízí	Mullá Shaykh ‘Alíy-i-Turshízí, surnamed ‘Aẓím
Aliy-i-Zanjani	‘Alíy-i-Zanjání
Aliy-i-Zargar	‘Alíy-i-Zargar
Aliy-i-Zunuzi	‘Alíy-i-Zunúzí
Aliy, ‘Aliya, ‘Ilya	‘Alíy, fem. ‘Aliya[h], pl. ‘Ilya[h]	(“‘Aliyy”, “‘Alí”) high, tall, elevated, exalted, sublime, lofty, august, excellent. Iṣfahání Pers. fem. also ‘Alíyyih.
Aliya	‘Alíya[h or t)	descent from, or the descendants of ‘Alí; English Alids.
Aliyabadi (‘Aliabadi)	‘Alíyábádí	Pers. a surname. Derived from ‘Alíyábád (built or populated by ‘Alí). Mírzá Zakíy ‘Alíyábádí founded the Mírzá Zakíy Khán Seminary (36.548471, 52.682296) near Ḥaẓír Furúshán Square (“Mat sellers square”, 36.549107, 52.682804), Bárfurúsh.
Aliyu’llah	‘Alíyu’lláh	‘Alí is chosen by, or from God
Aliyu’llahi	‘Alíyu’lláhí	a sect in western Írán that combines elements of Shí‘a Islám with older religions. Used as a general term for several denominations that venerate or deify Imám ‘Alí, like the Kaysáníya, the ‘Alawiyán, the Ahlu’l-Ḥaqq and Nuṣayríya.
Aliyu’l-‘Ala, ‘Aliyyu’l-‘Ala	‘Alíyu’l-‘Alá, ‘Aliyyu’l-‘Alá	the exalted of the exalted
Alizad (‘Ali-Zad) ‘Alizada (‘Alizadeh)	‘Alízád, ‘Alí Zád	(‘Alízáda, ‘Alí Záda) descendent of ‘Alí. Asadu’lláh ‘Alízád and Maqṣúd ‘Alízádah
Alladhi, Allati, Alladhina	Alladhí, fem. Allatí	(relative pronoun) he who, that which; who, which, that. Plurals: m. alladhína, fem. allátí, allawátí (“allawati”), allá’í (“alla’i”)
Allaf	‘Alláf	seller of provender (dry food such as hay and oats for livestock)
Allah	Alláh (originally al-Iláh)	God: The God, by way of eminence (being a contraction of the compound of the definite article ال (al, The) and الهٰ (iláh, a God). See iláh.
Allah-Vardi, Allah-Virdi	Alláh-Vardí, Alláh-Virdí
Allah-Yar	Alláh-Yár	Ḥájj Alláh-Yár. A small village 100 km west of Kirmánsháh. 34.249047, 45.986214
Allahu ‘Azam, Allah-u-‘Azam	Alláhu ‘Aẓam, Pers. Alláh-u-‘Aẓam	God is Great
Allahu A’zam, Allah-u-A’zam	Alláhu A‘ẓam, Pers. Alláh-u-A‘ẓam	(greeting response to Alláh-u-Akbar—men) God is the Most Mighty
Allahu Abha, Allah-u-Abha	Alláhu Abhá, Pers. Alláh-u-Abhá	(greeting response to Alláh-u-Ajmal (“God the Most Beauteous”)—women) “God is Most Glorious, God is All-Glorious”. A form of the Greatest Name. A salutation that “is a clarion that pealeth out the lordship of the divine Beauty [Baháʼuʼlláh]”. (‘Abdu’l-Bahá) Its repetition 95 times each day is ordained by the Báb and adopted by Bahá’u’lláh. Lilláh (95) = Letters of the Living (18) × 5 + Báb (5). Bahá, or any of its derivatives such as Abhá, Yá Bahá’u’lláh, or Yá Bahá’u’l-Abhá, are all referred to as the Greatest name. Yá Bahá’u’l-Abhá (O Glory of Glories or O Glory of the All-Glorious) is an invocation used in the calligraphy designed by Mishkín-Qalam.
Allahu Ajmal, Allah-u-Ajmal	Alláhu Ajmal, Pers. Alláh-u-Ajmal	(greeting response to Alláh-u-Abhá—women) God is the Most Beautiful.
Allahu Akbar, Allah-u-Akbar	Alláhu Akbar, Pers. Alláh-u-Akbar	greeting by a man to a man. God is the Most Great or God is the Greatest. See Alláh-u-A‘ẓam above
Allahu Anwar, Allah-u-Anwar	Alláhu Anwár, Pers. Alláh-u-Anwár	God is Most Luminous
Allahu Aqdam, Allah-u-Aqdam	Alláhu Aqdam, Pers. Alláh-u-Aqdam	God is the Most Ancient
Allahu Athar, Allah-u-Athar	Alláhu Aṭhar, Pers. Alláh-u-Aṭhar	God the Most Pure
Allahu Azhar, Allah-u-Azhar	Alláhu Aẓhar, Pers. Alláh-u-Aẓhar	God is Most Manifest
Allahumma	Alláhumma	“O God!”, “O Thou My God”. Possible derivation from Hebrew elohim (pl. of eloah).
Allam	‘Allám	knowing thoroughly
Allama	‘Alláma[h or t]	most erudite, very learned (of the ‘ulamá); learned in every branch of the Islamic sciences
Allamiy	‘Allámíy	very learned; possessed of the highest degree of knowledge, but never applied to God, because the letters ة and ى, although here expressive of intensity, not of femininity or relationship, might imply an imputation of the latter two qualities to the divine being.
Allamiy-i-Hilli	‘Allámiy-i-Ḥillí	“the very erudite doctor” from al-Ḥillah, a title of the famed Shí‘ih theologian, Jamál ad-Dín al-Ḥasan bin Yúsuf bin ‘Alí ibn al-Muṭahhar al-Ḥillí (CE 1250–1325) (MF p. 169), commonly known as Alláma Ḥillí, was one of the well-known Twelver Shí‘í Muslim scholars of his time and an expert in Twelver theology and a mujtahid. His kunya was Abu Manṣūr, his first title was ‘Alláma “sage,” his second, Jamál ad-Dín, and third, Jamál al-Ḥillah wa’l-Ḥaqq wa’l-Dín. His given name was al-Ḥasan and his father’s given name was Yúsuf.
Allamiy-i-Nuri	‘Allámiy-i-Núrí
Alliyu’llahi	‘Allíyu‘lláhí	a sect
Almaniya	Almániyá	Germany
Alqa	‘Alqa	(e.g.) beating; bastinado; a thrashing, spanking. See falaqa.
Alus	Álús	Pers. amorous or angry side-glance
Alusi	Álúsí	(Alossy) Ibn-i-Álúsí, Muftí of Baghdád
Alvah-i-Laylatu’l-Quds	Alváḥ-i-Laylatu’l-Quds	Tablets of the Holy Night by Bahá’u’lláh
Alvah-i-Salatin	Alváḥ-i-Saláṭín	Tablets to the Sultans
Alvah-i-Tablighi-i-Amrika	Alváḥ-i-Tablíghí-i-Amríká	Pers. collection of Tablets by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to America, translated as Tablets of the Divine Plan. Amríká also given as Imríká
Alvah-i-Vasaya	Alváḥ-i-Vaṣáyá	Tablets of Commandments by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá
Am	Am	Pers. (first person of búdan, to be), I am, and as such, like the English “am”; the suffixed form of the pronoun of the first person, signifying “my” after a noun
Ama	‘Amá’	loss of the way; contention, litigation; a cloud, high, dense, rainy, thin; a black or white cloud; a cloud which has shed rain; blindness.] See root word ‘amiya. Hence, ‘Amá’ can be translated as blindness, secrecy, obscurity, etc.; though it also has the sense of “cloud”, possibly “heavy and thick clouds (which hide and obscure) or (the opposite!) light diaphanous clouds.1 In Islamic theology, it is sometimes used to describe a state of divine obscurity or the primordial state before creation.
1See https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/428
Ama, Ima, Amawat	Ama, pl. Imá’, Amawát	bondmaid, slave girl
Amad, Amadam	Ámad	Pers. he came; arrival. Dar Ámadam (“I have arisen”)
Amada	‘Amada	to baptize, christen
Amadan az fawq	Ámadan az fawq	Pers. “come from on high” or “come down from on high”. Expression used by Bahá’ís meaning sent by Shoghi Effendi, etc.
Amadan	Ámadan	Pers. to come, to arrive; to exist, to be found; to become
Amal, A’mal	‘Amal, pl. A‘mál	doing, acting, action, activity; work, labour; course of action, way of acting, practice; achievement, accomplishment; activity (for), work (in the service of something); making, production, manufacture, fabrication; performance, execution; make, workmanship; practical work, practice;—pl. act, action; operation (military); work, job, chore, labour; deed, feat, achievement, exploit; occupation, business; trade, craft, handicraft; vicegerency, province, district; administrative district
Aman	Amán	Ar. Security, safety; peace; shelter, protection; clemency, quarter (mil.); safeguarding, assurance of protection; indemnity, immunity from punishment
Aman’u’llah	Amán’u’lláh	the protection of God. Fí amánu’lláh (Be under God’s protection) is an expression used by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Amana, Amanat	Amána(h or t), Amánát	reliability, trustworthiness; loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, fealty; integrity, honesty; confidence, trust, good faith; deposition in trust; trusteeship;—pl. something deposited in trust, a deposit, trust, charge, anything given in trust; security, safety, protection; safe-guard, safe-conduct. Ḥusayn Amánat (1942–) is an Iranian-Canadian architect and brother of academic ‘Abbás Amánat. He is the architect of the Burj-i-Shahyád (“Shah’s Memorial Tower”, renamed Burj-i-Ázádí, “Freedom Tower”) in Ṭihrán, three Bahá’í Arc buildings in Haifa, the Samoan House of Worship and the Shrine of ʻAbdu’l-Bahá.
Amara, Amarat, Ama’ir	Amára(h or t), pl. Amárát, Amá’ir	sign, token, indication, symptom, mark, characteristic
Amara, Amr, Awamir, Umur	Amara, Amr, pl. Awámir, Umúr	to order, command, bid, instruct (someone to do something), commission, charge, entrust (someone with something or to do something);—pl. Awámir order, command, instruction (to do something); ordinance, decree; power, authority; (grammar) imperative;—pl. Umúr matter, affair, concern, business. Hence, can be defined as “divine order” and “acts of obedience and pious deeds that are ordained” by God.
Amasiya	Amásiyá	(Amasya) city in Türkiye, 84 km SW of Samsun
Amatu’l-A’la	Amatu’l-A‘lá	(“the Handmaid of the Most High”) Title given to Dr Susan Moody by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá
Amatu’l-Baha	Amatu’l-Bahá	Hand of the Cause of God, Amatu’l-Bahá Rúḥíyyih Khánum Rabbani (née Mary Sutherland Maxwell) (1910–2000). [“It was Amatu’l-Bahá’s preference that Rabbani not be” transcripted. Letter from her Literary Executors, 9 Jan. 2007 to M.W.T.] Her names mean “The Handmaiden of the Glory”, “Spiritual” and “Lady” respectively.
Amatu’l-Haqq	Amatu’l-Ḥaqq	“Maidservant of Truth (or God)”. Title given by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to Núríyyih, the first wife of Varqá.
Amatu’llah	Amatu’lláh	(The Handmaiden of God)
Amid, ‘Umada	‘Amíd, pl. ‘Umadá’	support; head, chief; dean (of a faculty); principal, headmaster, director (of a secondary school); doyen, dean (as, of a diplomatic corps; high commissioner
Amil az-Zakah, ‘Ummal az-Zakah	‘Ámil az-Zakáh, pl. ‘Ummál az-Zakáh	to give alms or almsgiver (incorrect: ‘ummál-i-dhakát in PDC p. 92). Pers. ‘Ámil-i-Zakáh, pl. ‘Ummál-i-Zakáh.
Amil, Awamil, Ummal	‘Ámil, pl. ‘Awámil, ‘Ummál	active; effective;—(pl. ‘awámil) factor, constituent, element, (causative) agent, motive power; word governing another in syntactical regimen, regent (grammar);—(pl. ‘ummál) maker, producer, manufacturer; doer, perpetrator, author; worker, workman, working man, labourer; wage earner, employee; governor.
Amili	‘Ámilí	an agent
Amin-i-Halabi	Amín-i-Ḥalabí, Shaykh	[Amín Ḥalabí]
Amin-i-Ilahi	Amín-i-Iláhí	Trusted of God. See Ardakání
Amin, Amina	Ámin, fem. Ámina(h)	peaceful. Áminah bint Wahb, mother of Muḥammad; died AD 577 in the village of al-Abwá’.
Amin, Umana	Amín, pl. Umaná’	reliable, trustworthy, loyal, faithful, upright, honest; safe, secure; authorized representative or agent; trustee; guarantor (of); chief, head; superintendent, curator, custodian, guardian, keeper; chamberlain; master of a guild. Superlative form of amuna or amána (to be faithful, reliable, trustworthy). Turkish Emin.
Amini	Amíní	Persian name. Office of amín; trust, guardianship, custody; security; commission, deputation; secure, safe.
Aminu’d-Dawlah	Amínu’d-Dawlah	Trusted of the state
Aminu’l-‘Ulama’	Amínu’l-‘Ulamá’	trustworthy scholars
Aminu’l-Bayan	Amínu’l-Bayán	“Trusted of the Bayán”
Aminu’llah	Amínu’lláh	“Trust of God”
Aminu’s-Sultan	Amínu’s-Sulṭán	(MF)
Amir, ‘Amira	‘Ámir, fem. ‘Ámira(t)	inhabited; peopled, populated, populous; full, filled, filled up; jammed, crowded, filled to capacity (with); amply provided, splendidly furnished; civilized; cultivated (land); flourishing, thriving, prosperous
Amir	Ámir	commander; lord, master; orderer, purchaser, customer, client
Amir al-Mu’minin	Amír al-Mu’minín	Commander of the Faithful, Caliph. Sunnis believe the first to hold the title was ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭáb, and Shí‘i believe the title applies exclusively to ‘Imám ‘Alí.
Amir Rud (Amirud)	Amír Rúd	Pers. a village (36.633470, 51.567460) on the Caspian Sea coast, Mazandaran Province. It is named after the river to its east.
Amir Tuman	Amír Túmán	military commander of 10,000 men
Amir-Divan	Amír-Díván	position of authority. al-Amírí ad-Díván is the sovereign body and administrative office of an Amír
Amir-i-Kabir	Amír-i-Kabír	Great Prince
Amir-Nizam	Amír-Niẓám	Grand Vizir or General of the Army
Amir-Tuman	Amír-Túmán
Amir-Zada (Amir-Zadih)	Amír-Záda or Amírzáda	Pers. someone of noble birth or family; a king’s son, a prince. See Mírzá
Amir, Umara, Amirat	Amír, pl. Umará’, pl. fem. Amírát	commander, governor, lord; prince, emir; title of princes of a ruling house; tribal chief
Amira’l-Mu’minin	Amíra’l-Mu’minín	Commander of the Faithful
Amiru’l-Kuttab	Amíru’l-Kuttáb	Prince of Calligraphers
Amiru’sh-Shu’ara’	Amíru’sh-Shu‘ará’	(The Emir of Poets) (sing. shá‘ir)
Amiya, ‘Aman	‘Amiya (‘Aman)	to be or become blind, lose one’s eyesight; to be blind (to something); to be obscure (to someone); form II to blind, render blind (someone); to blindfold (someone); to obscure, render cryptic, enigmatic or mysterious, mystify (something); form IV to blind, render blind (someone); to blindfold (someone); to make (someone) blind (to a fact); form V to be or become blind, lose one’s eyesight; form VI to shut one’s eyes (on something), pretend not to see (something); to be blind (to). That is, ‘to become blind, to be obscure’
Amm	‘Ámm	public; universal, prevalent; general; common
Amm, 'Ammu, 'Umum, A'mam	'Amm, fem. 'Amma[h or t]	(pl. ‘Umúm, A‘mám; fem. ‘Ammát) father’s brother, paternal uncle (fem. paternal aunt); ibn al-‘amm cousin on the father’s side; bint al-‘amm female cousin on the father’s side. ‘Ammú (in colloquial Arabic), a paternal uncle, can be used out of respect for any older man, also used as a name.
Amma, ‘Ammatan, ‘Awamm	‘Ámma(h), pl. ‘Awámm	(noun) generality; commonalty; the masses, the people;—‘ámmatan (adverb) in general; generally; commonly, altogether, in the aggregate, collectively;—pl. al-‘Awámm the common people, the populace; the laity (Christian). cf. Kháṣṣa.
Amman	‘Ammán	Ancient Philadelphia, capital city of Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Ammar, Ammara	Ammár, fem. Ammára[h or t]	constantly urging, always demanding (to do something); inciting, instigating
Amna’	Amna‘	harder to get at, more forbidding; offering greater resistance
Amr	‘Amr	preserving; living long; visiting; faith, religion. ‘Amr ibn al-‘Áṣ as-Sahmí (c. 573–664) was the Arab commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. Also an Arab commander for the conquest of Syria. He conquered most of Palestine and appointed governor. He led the Arabs to decisive victories over the Byzantines in 634 and 636.
Amr al-Baha’i	Amr al-Bahá’í (Amr-i-Bahá’í)	“the Glorious Cause”, “the Bahá’í Cause”, the Bahá’í Faith
Amr Allah, Amru’llah	Amr Alláh, Amru’lláh	“command of God”, “House of God’s command” or “cause of God”
Amr va Khalq	Amr va Khalq	Revelation and creation, compilation by Fáḍil Mázandarání
Amr-i-Abda’	Amr-i-Abda‘	(the Most Wondrous New Cause)
Amr-i-Badi’	Amr-i-Badí‘	(the Wondrous New Cause)
Amr, ‘Amru (‘Amro)	‘Amr, ‘Amrú (pronounced ‘Amr)	he final و being employed solely to distinguish this word from ‘umar, Omar. A proper name. See Ḥadíth-i-Jábir and ‘Amr (‘Amú) bin ‘Abdiwudd.
Amr, ‘Amru	Amr; pl. Awámir, Umúr	order, command, cause; (in grammar) imperative; affair, business, transaction; event, occurrence, fact, circumstance; matter, case, thing, particular; point, question.—pl. (Awámir) order, command, instruction (to do something); ordinance, decree; power, authority; (grammar) imperative;—pl. (Umúr) matter, affair, concern, business.
Amra	‘Amra(h)	headgear (e.g., turban); (e.g.) repair, repair work
Amran	‘Amrán	a small city in western central Yemen
Amrani	‘Amrání	Muḥammad Muḥammad Ṣa‘íd al-Baqqálí al-‘Amrání, Bahá’í arrested in Morocco, 1962
Amrika	Amríká	America
Amru’llah	Amru’llah	“God’s command”. Name given to a house (41.679178, 26.556450) occupied by Bahá’u’lláh on the northern side of the Sulṭán Salím Mosque in Erdine.
Amu (Amuya)	Ámú (Ámúya)	Pers. a tumour, swelling, inflation; Ámú Daryú modern name of the ancient Oxus River
Amu, ‘Ammu	‘Amú, ‘Ammú	Pers. paternal uncle. Mullá Ḥasan ‘Amú. See ‘amm.
Amud, A’mida, Umud	‘Amúd, pl. A‘mida, ‘Umud	flagpole, shaft (of a standard); pale, post, prop, shore, pier, buttress; lamppost; (telephone, telegraph) pole; column, pillar, pilaster; stem (of a glass); (pl.) column (of a newspaper)
Amud, Awamid (Avamid)	‘Ámúd, pl. ‘Awámíd	column, pillar pole. post. Modern meaning: steering column, steering mechanism (of an automobile)
Amul (Amol)	Ámul	companion. A town (36.466423, 52.354574) in Mázindarán province, on the Haraz River, near the Caspian Sea.
An	‘An	(preposition) off, away from; from (designating the source); out of (a feeling); about, on (a topic); according to, as attested or declared by, from what ... says, on the authority of; on the basis of, on the strength of; for, in defence of; as a substitute for
Anahita	Anáhítá	Old Pers. immaculate, undefiled. Venus, Aphrodite (Greek) and Venus Erucina (Roman). See modern form Náhíd
Anam	Anám	mankind, mortals; creatures; jinn; demons. al-anám mankind, the human race.
Anas	Anas	joy, friendliness, delight. Anas ibn Málik ibn Naḍr al-Khazrají al-Ansárí (c. 612-c. 712) was a well-known ṣaḥábí (companion) of Muḥammad.
Anaya, ‘Inaya, ‘Inayat	‘Anáya[t], ‘Ináya[t], pl. ‘Ináyát	(“Enayat”) meaning, signifying, intending (somewhat by one’s words); bestowing pains upon; happening, occurring; agreeing with one (food); guarding, preserving; solicitude, anxiety, care; assistance, aid, favour; a gift, present, bounty. See ‘Ináyatu’lláh.
Anbar	Anbár	Pers. full to the brim, replete; a pond, a reservoir
Anbar, ‘Anabir	‘Anbar, pl. ‘Anábir	ambergris;—pl. sperm whale
Anbar, Nibr, Anabir	Anbár, Nibr, pl. Anábir, Anábír	barn, shed, granary, storeroom, storehouse, warehouse. Anbar-i-Sháhí (“Royal Storehouse”, 35.678809, 51.420662—it is south of the Golestan Palace and north of the Síyáh-Chál). Its name later became synonymous with a ḥubús (dungeon) and then a zindán (jail) (i.e. the Anbar Prison).
Anbijaniya	Anbijániya	may be a plain, thick sheet or blanket, or a garment from the Syrian town of Manbij. In a ḥadíth, Muḥammad is said to have found a patterned khamíṣa (“khamisa”) distracting Him from His prayers and asked for a plain anbijániya (or a manbijániya garment).
Anbiq, Inbiq, Anabiq	Anbíq, Inbíq, pl. Anábíq	alembic, distilling flask; figuratively “something that refines or transmutes as if by a process of distillation”
and, ‘ind, ‘und, ‘anda, ‘inda	‘and, ‘ind, ‘und	a side, part, quarter;—‘anda, ‘inda (adverb of time and place), near, nigh, with, before, about, in, according to. min ‘inda’lláh, “on God’s part”. min 'indaná, “from us” or “on our part”.
Andalib, ‘Anadil	‘Andalíb, pl. ‘Anádil	Pers. a nightingale. See Láhíjání.
Andar	Andar	Pers. in, into, within; added to the words
Andarman (Enderman, Endermane)	Ándarmán	small village 10 km south of the centre of Ṭihrán and 3 km NW of the Sháh ‘Abdu’l-‘Aẓim Shrine (in Shahr-i-Ray)
Andarun	Andarún	Pers. within; the inside; the heart, bowels; intrinsic, interior, internal. Village 190 km ESE Ahváz, Írán
Andaruni	Andarúní	interior; inner women’s apartments. See bírúní
Andarz	Andarz	Pers. a testament, last will. It is most often applied to remarks made by a prominent person to his son, his courtiers, “people of the world,” etc., and commonly indicates a spiritual testament. As a literary designation, it denotes the type of literature which contains advice and injunctions for proper behavior, whether in matters of state, everyday life, or religion.
Andirmani (Andarmani)	Ándirmání	probably Ándarmání, of or from Ándarmán. See Ándarmán.
Andulus	al-Andalus	Spain
Anfusihim	Anfusihim	themselves
Angiz	Ángiz	Pers. raised, elevated; (in compounds) exciting, raising. village 84 km SW Ardabíl, and 95 km east of Tabríz, Írán
Angur	Angúr	Pers. a grape, a raisin; granulations in a healing sore [angoor]
Anis, Anisa	Anís, fem. Anísa[h or t]	close, intimate; close friend; friendly, kind, affable, civil, polite, courteous. Close Companion, Anís, is the title of Mírzá Muḥammad-‘Alíy-i-Zunúzí, the companion of the Báb in martyrdom, and Ḥájí Muḥammad-Ismá‘íl (referred to as Anís in Súriy-i-Ra’ís).
Anisa	Anísá	‘Abdu’l-Bahá: By the gathering together under the shade of the symbolic “Tree of Anísá [Pers. شجره انيسا, shajarah anísá] is meant the Tabernacle of the Lord of Grace, the divine Lote-Tree, the Tree of Life, "the Olive [the blessed tree] that belongeth neither to the East nor to the West, whose oil would well nigh shine out even though fire touched it not”. (Qur’án 24:35) Shoghi Effendi said at times it refers to the Temple of the Manifestation. See The Hidden Words, Persian 19.
Anjuman (Anjoman)	Anjuman	Pers. a company, assembly, society, banquet, congregation, synagogue, congress, any place where people meet and converse; a multitude
Ankabut, Anakib	‘Ankabút, pl. ‘Anákib	spider
Anqa’ (‘Anka)	‘Anqá’	a legendary bird, griffon
Anqura	Ánqura[h or t]	Greek Ánkyra (“anchor”); Ánqurah or Ankara, capital of Türkiye
Ans	‘Ans	bending (a stick); a strong she-camel with a long tail; an eagle.
Ansari, Ansariyyah	Anṣárí, pl. Anṣaríyyah	related to Anṣár, the Helpers. Those who rallied around Muḥammad after His flight from Mecca to Medina. Anṣaríyyah is believed to be a mistranscription of Nuṣayríyyah. Abú al-Qásim Khalaf ibn al-‘Abbás az-Zahráwí al-Anṣárí (936–1013), popularly known as az-Zahrawi, Latinized as Abulcasis, was an Arab Andalusian physician, surgeon and chemist. Considered to be the greatest surgeon of the Middle Ages. See Náṣir (helper) and ‘Alawí.
Ansi	‘Ansí	al-‘Ansí is an ancient and prolific tribe originating in the Ḥaḍramawt region of Yemen. After the final breach of the Ma’rib Dam about CE 570, its members spread across the Arabian Peninsula. al-Aswad ibn-Ka‘b ibn-‘Awf al-‘Ansí, better known as Abhala bin Ka‘b. Also known as Dhú’l-Ḥimári’l-Aswad. He was a leader of the al-Ansí tribe and was the second false prophet—he declared when Muḥammad became ill after his final pilgrimage to Mecca.
Antun (Anton, Antoun)	Antún	Latin Anthony
Anud	‘Anúd	(“anoud”, not ánúd) contumacious (stubbornly or wilfully disobedient to authority), refractory, wayward; a cloud big with rain
Anushirwan (Anushirvan, Nushirvan)	Anúshírwán (Núshírván)	“immortal soul” or “eternal spirit”. Sásáníyán king of Persia known for his just rule (CE 531–578). The Prophet Muḥammad was born in Arabia at the time of his reign (c. 570–1) (SDC p. 68). Persians sometimes use Anúshírván or even Núshírván. There are instances of Núshíraván, Núshíruván and Nawshíraván (MF 20).
Anwari (Avari)	Anwárí (Anvárí)	Name of a famous Persian poet, who died AH 586/CE 1190. See núr
Anyabuli	Anyábulí	now Inebolu. A Black Sea port 225 km WNW of Samsun, Türkiye.
Anzali	Anzalí	Pers. Bandar-i-Anzalí (37.466949, 49.469869), Port of Enzeli, SW end of Caspian Sea, Írán. See nuzl.
Aq, Ak	Áq	Turkish white
Aqa Baba (Aqa-Baba, Aga Baba)	Áqá Bábá (Áqá-Bábá)	small villages in Qazvín Province: “Aka-Baba” 21 km south Qazvín and “Aga-Baba” (Ágha Bábá) 22 km SNW Qazvín
Aqa Buzurg-i-Nishapuri	Áqá Buzurg-i-Níshápúrí	born in Khurásán, but was the son of Ḥájí ‘Abdu’l-Majíd-i-Níshápúrí. Bahá’u’lláh sent Áqá Buzurg to Írán with a messenge for Náṣiri’d-Dín Sháh. Áqá Buzurg was then martyred. He was given the titles Badí‘ (Wonderful) and Fakhru’sh-Shuhadá’ (Pride of Martyrs)
Aqa Fatu’llah	Áqá Fatu’lláh	(Fatollah)
Aqa Jan Kashani	Áqá Ján Kashání	Mírzá Áqá Ján Kashání (1837–1901), the first person to believe in Bahá’u’lláh as “Him Whom God shall make manifest”. Bahá’u’lláh chose him to become His amanuensis (despite his limited education) and gave him the title of Khádim (“Servant”) and later Khádimu’lláh (“Servant of God”). Áqá Ján served as Bahá’u’lláh’s amanuensis for nearly 40 years, but was dismissed shortly before Bahá’u’lláh died in 1892. During Bahá’u’lláh’s retirement to the mountains of Kurdistan, Mírzá Áqá Ján worked for Mírzá Yaḥyá and even went on a secret mission to assassinate Násiri’d-Dín Sháh. He became a Covenant-Breaker about 1897.
Aqa Jan-i-Kaj-Kulah	Áqá Ján-i-Kaj-Kuláh	Áqá Ján was a native of Salmás in Ádharbáyján. Originally an officer in the Persian army, he defected to the Ottomans and joined the Ottoman army as an artillery officer. He retired as a Colonel in 1866. He became an accomplice of Siyyid Muḥammad Iṣfahání and was known as kaj-kuláh (“Skew-cap”). Seven Bahá’ís murdered Siyyid Muḥammad Iṣfahání, Áqá Ján and Mírzá Riḍá-Qulíy-i-Tafrishí in ‘Akká on 22 January 1872.
Aqa Mirza ‘Abdu’-r-Rahim-i-Burujirdi	Áqá Mírzá ‘Abdu’-r-Raḥím-i-Burújirdí	(Boroodjerdy)
Aqa Najaf-‘Aliy-i-Zanjani	Áqá Najaf-‘Alíy-i-Zanjání
Aqa Siyyid	Áqá Siyyid	[Asseyid is an abbreviation]
Aqa, Aqayan	Áqá, pl. Áqáyán	Pers. master, sir, gentleman; when affixed to a name means Mr (a male honorific title—‘the Master’). Sarkár Áqá (Chief Master) or Áqá was a title given by Bahá’u’lláh solely to ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Aqaba	‘Aqaba	to follow (someone, something or after someone, after something), succeed (someone, something); to come after, ensue; to continue
Aqaba, ‘Iqab	‘Aqaba[h or t], pl. ‘Iqáb	a tendon; mountain pass; the summit of Miná, where Muḥammad was first publicly acknowledged by a number of persons; steep mountain-summits difficult of approach;—pl. declivities or difficult passages of mountains. al-‘Aqaba (ancient name Elath, Ailath; modern name a shortened form of ‘aqabat Aylah, “the mountain-pass of Ayla”), the only coastal city in Jordan at the northern end of the Gulf of ‘Aqaba. Pledge of al-‘Aqaba (al-bay‘a al-‘Aqaba) is the oath of allegiance of people from Yathrib to Muḥammad, prior to his emigration to Yathrib (later Medina). The first pledge (known as Bay‘at an-Nisá’ since there was no pledge of war) in 621 and the second pledge (Bay‘at al-Ḥarb) in 622. The significance of these pledges is that both were important in the preparation for emigration of Muḥammad and Muslims from Mecca to Medina.
Aqasi	Áqásí	Turkish proper name, e.g. Ḥájí Mírzá Áqásí (Grand Vizier of Persia, the Antichrist of the Bábí Revelation)
Aqay-i-Kalim	Áqáy-i-Kalím	Mírzá Músá, known as Áqáy-i-Kalím, a faithful brother of Bahá’u’lláh
Aqay-i-Munir	Áqáy-i-Munír
Aqay-i-Rikab-Saz	Áqáy-i-Rikáb-Sáz
Aqay-i-Tabrizi	Áqáy-i-Tabrízí	(MF)
Aqdas	Aqdas	more hallowed, more sacred, holier. The Most holy. A derivative of qadusa, as is Quds.
Aqida, Aqa’id	‘Aqída[h or t], pl. ‘Aqá’id	article of faith, tenet, doctrine; dogma; creed, faith, belief; conviction; ideology (modern meaning)
Aqil, ‘Uqala’	‘Aqil, pl. ‘Uqalá’	intelligent, wise, judicious (persons)
Aql al-Awwal	al-‘Aql al-Awwal	first intellect
Aql, ‘Uqul	‘Aql, pl. ‘Uqúl	intellect, intelligence, reason, insight, mind, rationality and wisdom;—(pl.) sense, sentience, reason, understanding, comprehension, discernment, insight, rationality, mind, intellect, intelligence
Aqli, ‘Aqliya, ‘Aqliyun	Aqlí, fem. ‘Aqlíya[h or t], pl. ‘Aqlíyún	reasonable, rational; ratiocinative; mental; intellectual; fem. mentality, mental attitude;—pl. rationalist; an intellectual
Aqliya	‘Aqlíya(t)	mentality, mental attitude
Aqsa al-Madina	Aqṣá al-Madína[h or t]	most distant part of a city or the most distant city (in a country or world). e.g. Shíráz and Búshihr. See Qur’án 36:20.
Aqsa, Quswa, Aqasin	Aqṣá, fem. Quṣwá, pl. Aqáṣin	more distant, remoter, farther (away); al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, “the Farthest Mosque”, built on the claimed site of the Temple of Solomon on the southern end of Fort Antonia or the claimed “Temple Mount” in Jerusalem. See aṣ-Ṣakhrah and Ḥarám
Ara	Árá	Pers. (in compound, from árástan), embellishing, adorning; ornament (e.g. majlis-árá, gracing the banquet, etc.)
Arab Khayl (Arab Kheyl)	‘Arab Khayl	is a village (36.6962440, 52.751382) in Mazandaran Province near the Caspian Sea.
Arab, Urab, A’rub, Urban, ‘Arabha	‘Arab (collective), pl. ‘Urúb, A‘rub	Arabs; true Arabs, Arabs of the desert, Bedouins. Other plurals: ‘Urbán, A‘ráb. The Arabian Peninsula or simply Arabia: Shibhu’l-Jazírati’l-‘Arabiyyah, “Arabian Peninsula” or Jazíratu’l-‘Arab, “Island of the Arabs”. Pers. pl. also ‘Arabhá.
Arabi, ‘Arabiya	‘Arabí, fem. ‘Arabíya[h or t]	Arab, Arabic, Arabian; truly Arabic; an Arab. al-‘Arabíya, the language of the ancient Arabs; classical, or literary, Arabic. ibn ‘Arabí (1165–1240), full name Abú ‘Abd Alláh Muḥammad ibn ‘Alí ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Arabí al-Ḥátimí aṭ-Ṭá’í, was an Arab Andalusian Muslim scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher; honorific titles ash-Shaykh al-Akbar (“the Greatest Shaykh”) and Muḥyí ad-Dín (“Renewer of the Faith”). Nuṣúṣ ‘Arabíya (“Arabic text”) consists of rasm, nuqaṭ al-i‘jám (points or dots to distinguish between say ص and ض), and at-tashkíl (supplementary diacritics to indicate vocalization, including the al-ḥarakát (to indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations)).
Arabistan	‘Arabistán	the land of Arabia
Arabiyah al-Fusḥa	al-‘Arabíyah al-Fuṣḥá	“the most eloquent Arabic”. It is the standardised literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages, most notably in Umayyad and Abbasid literary texts such as poetry, elevated prose and oratory, and is also the liturgical language of Islám. Modern Standard Arabic is based on classical Arabic.
Arad, A’rad	‘Araḍ, pl. A‘ráḍ	accident (philosophy); contingent, non-essential characteristic; something non-essential, a contingent, something accidental; symptom, manifestation of disease
Arafa (‘Arfa), Arafih	‘Arafa[h or t], Pers. ‘Arafih	wind; diligent inquiry. Yawm ‘Arafah (Day of Arafah) is day 9 of the month Dhu’l-Ḥijjah, and is the second day of the Ḥajj—it celebrates the revelation of Qur’án 5:3 to Muḥammad just before sunset while on Jabal ‘Arafát for His farewell sermon (Khuṭbatu’l-Wadá‘). He gathered the Muslims and recited the revelation after sunset, the day then considered to be 10 Dhu’l-Ḥijjah AH 10 (the Islamic Friday and Sunday 8 March 632)—hence part of the confusion over the date, see Yawm. See ‘Arafát.
Arafa, Ma’rifa, ‘Irfan	‘Arafa, Ma‘rifa(h or t), ‘Irfán	to know (someone, something); to recognize, perceive (someone, something); to be cognizant, be aware (of something), be acquainted (with something), to discover, experience, find out (something)
Arafat	‘Arafát	70 m high granite hill (Jabal ‘Arafát (Mount ‘Arafát 21.354841, 39.984009)—also known as Jabal ar-Raḥmah (the Mount of Mercy), 18.5 km ESE of central Mecca) and adjacent plain. See ‘Arafa(h).
Araja, ‘Uruj	‘Araja, ‘Urúj	to ascend, mount, rise
Arak	Arák	capital of Markazi Province, Írán (formerly Sulṭánábád)
Aram (Eram)	Árám	Pers. calm, rest, tranquillity, peace, quiet, repose, cessation, inaction; power, obedience, subjection. Can be translated as paradise.
Aramram	‘Aramram	strong, violent, vehement
Aran va Bidgul	Árán va Bídgul	a city that grew from an amalgamation of two villages (Árán and Bídgul, 34.060281, 51.478633), 9 km NE of Kashan
Ararat	Ararat	European name of the Ararat peaks (Greater and Lesser: Ağrı Dağı, 5,137 m; Küçük Ağrı dağı, 3,896 m) in Türkiye. Prior to the 6th century, the traditional Armenian name was Masis, derived from the name of King Amasya. Genesis 8:4 refers to Noah’s ark resting “upon the mountains of Ararat”—the mountainous region of Armenia (Urartu) was known to the ancient Greeks as Ararat. See al-Júdí.
Aras	Aras	name of a river near Tiflís, the Araxes of the ancients. See Ra’s
Arastan	Árástan	Pers. to adorn, decorate, embellish; to set in order
Arastu	Arastú	Pers. a swallow; swallow-wort
Araysh	al-‘Aráysh	Larache, harbour town, Morocco
Arba’, Arba’a, Arba’un (Arba’in)	Arba‘, fem. Arba‘a[h or t], pl. Arbá‘ún	our;—pl. forty. Iṣfahání Pers. Arba‘ih. “Arba‘in” error of the genitive form (arba‘ín) in The Kitáb-i-Íqán, p. 242 (see Shaykh Bahá’í, author of al-Arba‘ún Ḥadíth).
Arba’ata ‘Ashara, Arba’a ‘Asharata	Arba‘ata(h) ‘Ashara, f. Arba‘a ‘Asharata(h)	fourteen
Arbil	Arbíl	(Erbil, Irbil) city 80 km ESE of Mosul, ‘Iráq
Ard al-Muqaddasa	al-Arḍ al-Muqaddasa	the Holy Land, Palestine. Shoghi Effendi stated it became the Most Holy Land (al-Arḍ al-Aqdas) after the arrival of Bahá’u’lláh.
Ard wa Sama’	Arḍ wa Samá’	earth and heaven. ‘Earth’ is the earth of knowledge and understanding, the earth of new insight, etc. ‘Heaven’ is the heaven of new teachings and religion. By the shattering of the heaven (sky) on the day of resurrection, is meant that the heaven of the old religion is removed and a new one is raised through the Advent of a new Manifestation and the earth of recognition of God is decorated with Faith.
Ard-i-A’la	Arḍ-i-A‘lá	“the Exalted Spot”, name given to the Shrine of the Báb and to the fort of Khájih (Khwája), Zanján, by the Báb (Zanján upheaval 13 May 1859–c. 2 January 1851.
Ard-i-Jannat	Arḍ-i-Jannat	the Land of Paradise, Mílán
Ard-i-Sirr	Arḍ-i-Sirr	Pers. the Land of Mystery, Adrianople. See Adirna.
Ardabil	Ardabíl or Ardibíl	city 175 km east of Tabriz, in the province of Ádhirbáyján, near the Caspian Sea
Arif, ‘Arifin	‘Árif, pl. ‘Árifín	acquainted, conversant, familiar (with); connoisseur, expert; wise man, mystic, saint, gnostic;—pl. mystics, saints, gnostics
Ardabili	Ardabílí	of or from Ardabíl. 1. Ṣafí ad-dín Isḥáq Ardabílí (1252/1253–1334) was a poet, mystic, teacher and Ṣúfí master. He reformed the Záhidíya (Zahediyeh) and renamed it the Safaviyya, which he led from 1301 to 1334. He was the eponymous ancestor of the Safawiyan (Safavid dynasty), which ruled Írán from 1501 to 1736. 2. Son, and successor, Ṣadr ad-Dín Músá ibn Ṣafí ad-Dín Isḥaq Ardabílí (1305–1391), also known as Ṣadr ad-Dín aṣ-Ṣafaví or Ṣadr ad-Dín al-Khánagáh. He was the first to use the title Ṣadr al-Ardibílí. 3. Mírzá Muḥammad Ṣáliḥ ibn Músá ibn Ṣafí ad-Dín Isḥaq Ardabílí (d. 1704), grandson, second Ṣadr al-Ardibílí. 4. Mírzá Muḥammad Ibráhím (etc.; d. 1738), the third Ṣadr al-Ardibílí. ... 8. Mírzá Muḥammad Ḥasan (1789–1848), the seventh Ṣadr al-Ardibílí. He served as a spiritual guide and a political advisor for Muḥammad Sháh Qájár.
Ardakan	Ardakán or Ardikán	city 55 km NW of Yazd
Ard, Arz, Aradin, Aradun, Arazi	Arḍ fem., pl. Aráḍín, Aráḍún	earth; land, country, region, area; terrain, ground, soil. Pers. arẓ, pl. aráẓí
Ardakani (Ardikani)	Ardakání	of or from Ardakán. Ḥájí Abu’l-Ḥasan-i-Ardikání (1831–1928), also known as Amín-i-Iláhí.
Ardashir, Ardishir (Ardeshir)	Ardashír, Ardishír	Pers. “great lion”. Name of Persian rulers (Ardishír and Ardashír are derived from Middle Persian Artakhishatr, which was derived from the Greek Artaxerxes) and a small village 85 km NE of Tabríz in East Azerbaijan Province, Írán (38.750145, 46.746858).
Ardibili	Ardibíl	city on west side of Caspian Sea, Írán
Ardikan (Ardakan)	Ardikán	city 55 km NW of Yazd
Ardiya, Ardiyat	Arḍíya[h or t], pl. Arḍíyát	floor; ground (also, e.g., of a printed fabric, of a painting); ground floor; storage, warehouse charges
Ard as-Sirr, Ard-i-Sirr	Arḍ as-Sirr, Pers. Arḍ-i-Sirr	“Land of Mystery”, name given to Adrianople by Bahá’u’lláh. See Adirna.
Ardistan	Ardistán	Province in Írán
Ardshir	Ardshír	Pers. intrepid, courageous
Arf	‘Arf	fragrance, perfume, scent, aroma
Arg (Ark)	Arg	Pers. the inner fortress or citadel of a walled city. Ark is a modern colloquialism for a small citadel.
Arghun	Arghún	an organ; a wild horse
Ari	Árí	Pers. yes, very well, indeed, truly; no
Arid, Irad	‘Aríḍ, pl. ‘Iráḍ	broad, wide; extensive, vast
Arida, ‘Ara’id	‘Aríḍa, pl. ‘Ará’iḍ	petition, application, memorial
Arif, ‘Arifun, ‘Arifin	‘Árif, pl. ‘Árifún, ‘Árifín	knowing, perceiving; acquainted, conversant, familiar (with); scientific; wise, skilful, intelligent, sagacious; connoisseur, expert; well known, notorious; patient; a holy man, a saint, the highest grade to which a mystic can attain
Arif, ‘Urafa’	‘Aríf, pl. ‘Urafá’	knowing (something), cognizant, aware (of something); expert, authority, specialist; teaching assistant, monitor (an older pupil assisting the teacher of a Qur’anic school)
Arish, ‘Urush, ‘Ara’ish	‘Arísh, pl. ‘Urush, ‘Ará’ish	arbor, bower; hut made of twigs; booth, shack, shanty; trellis (for grapevines); shaft, carriage pole. al-‘Arísh, city on the northern coast of the Sinai Peninsula.
Aristu, Arasta, Arastu	Arisṭú, Pers. Arasṭá, Arasṭú	Aristotle (“the best purpose”). Dr Arisṭú Khán, brother of Dr Luṭfu’lláh Ḥakím,
Arjmand (Arjumand)	Arjmand	Pers. rare, excellent, worthy of great price, valuable, exquisite, beloved, dear, brave, generous, noble, distinguished; wise
Archiya, ‘Arshiyya (Arshiyyih)	‘Arshíya[h or t], Pers. ‘Arshiyya[h or t]	follower of Mullá Ṣadrá, DB, p. 207. See ‘Arsh and Sadrá’íya.
Arjumand, Arjmand, Arzaman	Arjumand, Arjmand, Arzamán	Pers. town, formerly Arzamán, in and the capital of Arjumand District, in Fírúzkúh County, Ṭihrán Province, Írán. Also written “Arjomand”.
Arjumandi	Arjumandí	of, from Arjumand
Arman	Ármán	Pers. desire; a sigh; grief, sorrow; remorse
Arqam	Arqam	(a serpent) speckled with black and white (of a very dangerous species); name of an Arabian tribe
Arrab, ‘Arraba	‘Arráb, fem. ‘Arrába[h or t]	godfather/godmother, sponsor
Arsh, ‘Arshiya, Urush, A’rash	‘Arsh, fem. ‘Arsha[h or t]	(pl. ‘Urúsh, A‘rásh) a throne, chair of state; the throne of God (‘Arsh Alláh, the Shrine of the Báb or more generally, the Bahá’í World Centre); the empyrean (heaven); a palace, citadel; roof of a house; a canopy; a tent; a prop, buttress, stay, support; a leader or chief of the people
Arshi, ‘Arshiyan	‘Arshí, pl. ‘Arshiyán	from the throne (of God) or divine “presence”, heavenly; pl. angels who carry the throne of God, bearers of the celestial throne
Arshin	Árshín	Russian cubit (арши́н)
Arshiyyih	‘Arshíyyih	followers of Mullá Ṣadrá, DB, p. 207. See ‘Arsh
Arslan	Árslán, Arslán	Pers. from Turkish. A lion; surname adopted by several kings of Persia. Alp Arslán (honorific in Turkish meaning “Heroic Lion”, given because of his military prowess and fighting skills; full name Ḍiyá’ ad-Dunyá wa ad-Dín ‘Aḍud ad-Dawlah Abú Shujá‘ Muḥammad Alp Árslán ibn Dáwud (1029–1072), real name Muḥammad bin Dáwud Chaghri (Turkic Çağrı), was the second Sulṭán of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Saljúq (Seljuk), the eponymous founder of the dynasty.
Arus, ‘Urus, ‘Ara’is, ‘Arusan	‘Arús, pl. ‘Urus	bridegroom; f. (pl. ‘ará’is) bride; doll; al-‘arúsán bride and groom, the newlyweds
Aryamihr (Aryamehr)	Áryámihr	“Light of the Aryans”
As	‘Áṣ	‘Amr ibn al-‘Áṣ as-Sahmí (c. 585–664) was the Arab commander who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. He conquered most of Palestine, to which he was appointed governor, and led the Arabs to decisive victories over the Byzantines in 634 and 636. He was a contemporary of Muḥammad and one of the Ṣaḥába.
As’ilah wa Ajwiba	As’ilah wa Ajwiba	Questions and Answers
Asab, A’sab	‘Aṣab, pl. A‘ṣáb	nerve; sinew
Asabi	‘Aṣabí	sinewy, nerved, nervy; nervous, neural, nerve-, neuro-, neur- (in compounds); nervous, high-strung
Asadabad (Asad-Abad)	Asadábád	city (34.781937, 48.122466) in Hamadan Province, 130 km by road from Kirmánsháh.
Asad, Usud, Usd	Asad, pl. Usud, Usd, Usúd, Ásád	lion; Leo (astron.)
Asadu’llah	Asadu’lláh	Lion of God. Compound proper name
Asadu’llah Fadil Mazandarani	Asadu’lláh Fáḍil Mázandarání	Mírzá Asadu’lláh Fáḍil Mázandarání (c. 1880–1957), also known as Jináb-i-Fáḍil or Fazel, was a prominent Iranian Bahá’í scholar, noted for his travel teaching in North America. He was later appointed a Hand of the Cause of God by Shoghi Effendi..
Asadu’llah-i-Isfahani	Asadu’lláh-i-Iṣfahání	Mírzá Asadu’lláh-i-Iṣfahání (c. 1826–1930) the emissary who took the remains of the Báb from Írán to the Holy Land. He married a sister of Munírih Khánum (Ḍiyá’ Khánum). Daughter Faraḥángíz Khánum (see Faraḥángíz entry) and son Dr Amínu’lláh (sometimes Amín, or Ameen Ullah Fareed) Faríd (1882–1953), known in Persian as Mírzá Amínu’lláh Asadu’lláh). Mírzá Asadu’lláh-i-Iṣfahání was sent (1900–1902) to consolidate the American community and to address the effects of Kheiralla’s disaffection. Shortly after (1914?), Mírzá Asadu’lláh and his son were expelled from the Faith.
Asadu’llah-i-Sabbagh	Asadu’lláh-i-Ṣabbágh	(GPB 297)
Asadu’llah-i-zadah	Asadu’lláh-i-Zádih, Ḥusayn	Ḥusayn Asadu’lláh-i-zádah
Asadyari	Asadyárí, ‘Abdu’l-‘Alí
Asaf ad-Dawla, Asafu’d-Dawla	Áṣaf ad-Dawla, Áṣafu’d-Dawla	(1748–1797) was the Nawab wazir of Oudh (Awudh, r. 1775–1797)
Asala, Asalatan	Aṣála(t)	firmness, steadfastness, strength of character; nobility of descent, purity of origin (originality); aṣálatan immediately, directly, personally
Asalat-i-Naw’	Aṣálat-i-Naw‘	originality of species
Asara, ‘Asr	‘Aṣara (‘Aṣr)	to press (out), squeeze (out) (something, e.g., grapes, olives, etc.); to wring (something, especially wet clothes); to compress (something). See ‘Aṣr listing for other Forms.
Asaran	Ásárán	Pers. small village (35.854657, 53.293100) in Semnan Province
Asas, Usus, Asasiyyun	Asás, pl. Usus, Asásiyyún	foundation (hence also principle), fundament, groundwork, ground, basis, pedestal; keynote;—pl. Asásiyyún people of principle. The term “assassin” likely has roots in ḥashsháshín (ḥashísh (hashish) smokers or users), a mispronunciation of the original Asásiyyún, but not a mispronunciation of Asásiyyín. The term assassin originally referred to the methods of political control exercised by the Asásiyún, and it can be seen how it became “assassin” in several languages to describe similar activities anywhere. The Asásiyún were medieval Nizárí (an-Nizáriyyún) Ismailis (Ismá‘íliyyún).
Asasi, Asasiyat, Asasiyyin	Asásí, fem. Asásíya[h or t]	(pl. Asásíyát, Asásiyyín) fundamental, basic; elementary; essential; principal, chief, main
Asaturiyan Marcard	Ásátúriyán Márcárd	(Dr Marcard Assadorian)
Asbah, Asbahi	Aṣbaḥ	Pers. of a handsome face; a tearing lion; red-coloured; name of a king of Yemen
Asbahi	Aṣbaḥí	(Pers. of Ar. influence) referring to King Aṣbaḥ of Yemen
Asbaq	Asbaq	earlier, antecedent; preceding, previous, prior; former, ex-; foremost, more or most excellent; surpassing; previous; past times
Asdaq	Aṣdaq	truer, sincerer. ibn-i-Aṣdaq (Mírzá ‘Alí-Muḥammad, 1850–1928). Designated by Bahá’u’lláh as Shahíd ibn-i-Shahíh (Martyr, son of the Martyr). He is the son of Mullá Ṣádiq-i-Khurásání (formerly known as Muqaddas)—both were named a Hand of the Cause of God.
Asdaqi	Aṣdaqí
Asdiqa’ al-Iman	Aṣdiqá’ al-Ímán	friends of the faith
Asfal, Sufla (Sofla), Asafil	Asfal, fem. Suflá, pl. Asáfil	lower; lowest; lower or lowest part, bottom
Asfiya’, ‘Asfiyyih	Aṣfiyá’, Pers. Aṣfiyyih	Druse village of ‘Isfiya, east side Mt Carmel. See Ṣafíy
Asghar, Sughra, Asaghir	Aṣghar, fem. Ṣughra, pl. m. Aṣághir	smaller, younger [Comparative form of ṣaghíra (to belittle)]. Ṣughra is the name of a half-sister of Bahá’u’lláh and mother of ‘Alí Akbar Furútan.
Asgharzada (Asgharzadeh, Asghar zadih)	Aṣgharzáda, Aṣghar Záda, Aṣgharzádih	Pers. surname, e.g. Ḍíyá’u’lláh Aṣgharzádih
Ash	-ash	Pers. (added to a noun ending in soft ه he, i.e. not sounded), his, her
Ash	Ásh	Pers. meat, victuals, viands, soup, broth, gruel, pottage; drinking, a drinker
Ash-i-kashk	Ásh-i-kashk	(MF p. 68) barley soup with whey
Ash’ar	Ash‘ar	hairy, hirsute, long-haired, shaggy
Ash’ari	Ash‘arí	Abú al-Ḥasan ‘Alí ibn Ismá‘íl ibn Isḥáq al-Ash‘arí (c. 874—936)
Ash’ariyya, ‘Asha’ira	al-‘Ash‘aríyya(h) or al-‘Ashá‘ira(h)	Ash‘arism or Ash‘ari theology—a foremost theological school of Sunni Islam founded by Abú al-Ḥasan ‘Alí ibn Ismá‘íl ibn Isḥáq al-Ash‘arí (873–4 to 935–6). Followers: Ash‘arites. See Sha‘r and Kayfa.
Ash’ath	Ash‘ath	Pers. one whose hair is dishevelled and soiled with dust
Ashab al-Aykah	Aṣḥáb al-Aykah	“Companions of the Wood”, a name given to the Midianites, since they used to worship a large tree.
Ashab al-Kahf	Aṣḥáb al-Kahf	“Companions of the cave”, a Christian and Islamic tradition (Qur’án 18:9–26) that tells the story of the ‘Seven Sleepers’ (unknown number of youths according to Qur’án 18:22) who hide in a cave near a city around CE 250 to escape religious persecution and to emerge 300 years later. Identified as a cave 1 km east of Ephesus by Christians, and as a south facing (Qur’án 18:17) cave 7 km SE of Amman (31.898860, 35.973800) by Muslims. See ṣáḥib.
Ashab, Sahba’, Suhb	Aṣhab, f. Ṣahbá’, pl. Ṣuhb	reddish; wine
Ashar	Ashar	liveliness, high spirits, exuberance; wildness; insolence, impertinence
Ashr, Ashra, Ashar, ‘Asharha, ‘Asarat	‘Ashr, ‘Ashra[h or t]	(fem. ‘Ashar, ‘Ashara[h or t], pl. ‘Asharát) ten; al-‘Ashara the first ten days of Muḥarram;—pl. decimal numbers, some tens, tens (of); decades
Ashchi	Áshchí	cook, maker of broth. Áqá Ḥusayn-i-Áshchí. See Ásh
Ashhadu	Ashhadu	I bear witness, I testify, I declare. See Sháhid.
Ashhal, Shahla	Ashhal, fem. Shahlá	having bluish-black eyes. (Pers. with Ar. influence) Shahlá, a black eye inclined to red, and having a sly, deceitful, sinister look; a dark-grey-eyed woman
Ashiq, ‘Ashiqa	‘Ashiq, fem. ‘Ashiqa[h or t	to love passionately (someone, something), be passionately in love (with someone, with something)
Ashiq, Ushshaq, Awashiq (Avashiq)	‘Áshiq, pl. ‘Ushsháq, ‘Awáshiq	lover; fancier, fan;—pl. knucklebone; (game of) knucklebones. Fem. ‘Áshiqa[h or t]. ‘Aváshiq is a village in the Diyálá Valley east of Baghdád.
Ashjari	Ashjárí	‘Azízu’lláh Ashjárí
Ashmunin, Ushmunin, Ushmunayn	Ashmúnín (Ushmúnayn)	al-Ashmúnín (Ashmunein, derived from a Coptic form of the original Egyptian) is a town on the west bank of the Nile River 255 km south of Cairo. The town surrounds the remains of the major ancient city of Hermopolis Magna (“City of Hermes”).
Ashraf, Sharfa’	Ashraf, fem. Sharfá’	more or most noble; eminent; a person of noble birth, nobleman; gentleman. City in Írán, see Bihshahr. ‘Alí Ashraf Garden—a large garden on the west side of the Riḍván Garden (SE east of ‘Akká), with the Firdaws (Paradise) Garden to its north. Original owner Mullá Abú-Ṭálib. ‘Alí-Ashraf, his son, later donated it to the Faith. Áqá Siyyid Ashraf-i-Zanjání (mother: Umm-i-Ashraf).
Ashrafi	Ashrafí	Pers. a gold coin. Sháh Ashraf Hútak (c. 1700–c. 1730; r. 1725–1729) issued gold coins that were named after him.
Ashtiyan (Ashtian)	Áshtiyán	Pers. capital city of Áshtiyán County, Markazí Province, Írán. 81 km WSW of Qum.
Ashu (Asho)	Ashu	Pers. heavenly Ashu Zarathushtra
Ashura	‘Áshúrá’, ‘Ashúrá’, Pers. also ‘Áshúrá	name of a voluntary fast day on the tenth day of the Muslim month Muḥarram—Shí‘ih Muslims observe the first 10 days of the month as a period of mourning for the Imáms, ending with the Yawm ‘Áshúrá’ (on the 10th day), the commemoration of the martyrdom of the Imám Ḥusayn at Karbilá
Ashyab, Shayba’ (Shaiba’), Shib	Ashyab, fem. Shaybá’, pl. Shíb	Ar. white, grey (hair); white-haired, grey-haired (person); old, aged; old man.
Asi, Asiya, Asiyih	Ásí, fem. Ásíya[h or t]	Pers. Melancholy, solicitous, sorrowful; a physician, surgeon. Ásíyih is the name of Pharaoh’s daughter who rescued Moses. See Navváb, Ásíyih is the title given to Bahá’u’lláh’s wife (Ásíyih Khánum).
Asif (Asaf, Assaf), Asifa	Áṣif, fem. Áṣifa[h or t]	from Hebrew Asaf, to gather or harvest. Áṣif bin Barkhiyá is the name of a sage that the Arabs claim was Sulayman’s grand wazír, hence proverbially used for any wise counsellor. The name is considered to be a symbol of strength and prosperity.
Asif, ‘Asifa, ‘Awasif	‘Áṣif, fem. ‘Áṣifa[h or t], pl. ‘Awáṣif	violent wind, gale, tempest, storm, hurricane
Asifu’d-Dawla, Asifu’d-Dawlih	‘Áṣifu’d-Dawla (Pers. ‘Áṣifu’d-Dawlih)	“Storm of the State” or “Storm of the Dynasty”
Asir, Aseer	‘Asír	difficult, hard, harsh, rough; ‘Asír is a mountainous province in SW Arabia, between the Hejaz and Yemen, capital city is Abhá.
Asiya	Ásiyá	Asia
Askar, Asakir	‘Askar, pl. ‘Asákir	army, host, troops
Askari	‘Askarí, pl. ‘Askariyún, ‘Asákir	military, army-(in compounds);—(pl. al-‘askariyún) the military;—(pl. ‘asákir) soldier; private (military); policeman;—pl. enlisted men, ranks. ‘Alí al-Hádí (the tenth Imám) had the title al-‘Askarí (military) due to the town (Sámarrá) he had to live in was a military camp). The hidden Imám Mahdí (twelfth), Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-‘Askarí (disappeared CE 874).
Asl-i-Qullu’l-Khayr	Aṣl-i-Qullu’l-Khayr	“Words of Wisdom”, Tablet by Bahá’u’lláh, published in Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh, pp. 153–7.
Asl, Usul, Asliyan	Aṣl, pl. Uṣúl, Pers. Aṣliyán	root; trunk (of a tree); origin, source; cause, reason; descent, lineage, stock (especially one of a noble character); foundation, fundament, basis; the origins!;—pl. principles, fundamentals, rudiments, elements (e.g., of a science):—Pers. nobles, gentlemen.
Aslam	Aslam	(adj. of salím) safer; freer; sounder; healthier (“most peaceful”)
Aslas	Aslas	more tractable, more pliable, more obedient; more flexible, smoother, more fluent. See salis
Asli, Usuli	Aṣlí, pl. Uṣúlí	original, primary, primal, initial; genuine, authentic, pure; basic, fundamental, principal, chief, main:—pl. in accordance with the rules, conforming to prevailing principles; traditional, usual; legist.
Asl-i-Kullu’l-Khayr	Aṣl-i-Kullu’l-Khayr	lit. source of all good. “Words of Wisdom” Tablet by Bahá’u’lláh, published in Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh, pp. 153–7.
Asliya, Usuliya	Aṣlíya[h or t], pl. Uṣúlíya[h or t]	originality; genuineness; nobleness;—pl. fundamentalism (“usulism”). al-Uṣúlíya, the school of jurisprudence that emphasizes the study of uṣúl al-fiqh. In the 19th century, it is almost synonymous with the mujtahids.
Asma’ Allah al-Husna	Asmá’ Alláh al-Ḥusná	the Most Beautiful Names of God (usually 99, drawn mostly from descriptions of God in the Qur’án)
Asma’u’l-Husna	Asmá’u’l-Ḥusná	Most Beauteous Names (of God). According to a ḥadíth, Muḥammad said, “Verily there are 99 names of God, and whoever recites them shall enter Paradise.” The traditions also maintain that the “Almighty has a hundredth name, the ‘Most Great Name’, and that whoever calls on God by this Name shall obtain all his desires. Bahá’u’lláh revealed that the Greatest Name (Ism-i-A‘ẓam) is Bahá’.
Asman	Ásmán	Pers. heaven, the celestial orb; the ceiling of a house; name of the angel of death
Asmar, Samra’, Sumr, Samrawat	Asmar, f. Samrá’, pl. Sumr	brown; tawny;—pl. Samráwát brown-skinned women
Asqalan, Ashkelon, Ashqelon, Ascalon	‘Asqalán, Heb. Ashkelon	a coastal city of Israel, 50 km south of Tel Aviv and 147 km SSW of ‘Akká. See ESW, p. 178.
Asr, ‘Asar, ‘Usur	‘Aṣr, ‘Aṣar, pl. ‘Uṣúr	(fem.) afternoon; afternoon prayer (Islamic Law
Asr, A’sur, ‘Usur, A’sar	‘Aṣr, pl. A‘ṣur, ‘Uṣúr, A‘ṣár	(act of) pressing (out), squeezing (out); (act of) wringing (out);—pl. age, era, time; period; epoch; afternoon
Asrar-i-Shihadat-i-Imam	Asrár-i-Shihádat-i-Imám	mysteries of the martyrdom of the Imám. Dar Asrár-i-Shihádat-i-Imám Ḥusayn by Siyyid Káẓim.
Asraru’l-Athar	Asráru’l-Áthár	The mysteries of the Writings by Fáḍil Mázanarání.
Ast	Ast	Pers. is (from búdan, to be); he willeth, he seeketh
Ast	Ást	Pers. praise, commendation
Astaghfiru’llah	Astaghfiru’lláh	(“I ask pardon of God”), God forgive me! God forbid! (modern colloquialism) not at all; on the contrary. A common response of those considering themselves deeply learned after meeting ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and recognizing themselves as profoundly ignorant.
Astan, Astana (Astane)	Ástán, Ástána	Pers. the place where shoes are removed; a threshold; lying supine; a king’s court, royal palace; the Ottoman Porte; the tomb of a prophet or saint. Village (36.278167, 54.083907) near Chashma ‘Alí and NW of Dámghán, in Semnan Province.
Astani	Ástání	Yadu’lláh Ástání
Astar	Astar	Pers. a mule; a bone; a seed, a kernel
Astarabad (Gurgan, Gurgin or Gorgan)	Astarábád (Istarábád)	Pers. (astar+ábád, “city of mules”) (“Istarabad”) city (36.842300, 54.433518) near the south eastern corner of the Caspian Sea. Renamed Gúrgán (Gorgán) in 1937.
Astarabadi	Astarábádí	Mullá Muḥammad Amín bin Muḥammad Sharíf al-Akhbárí Astarábádí was an Iranian theologian and founder or proponent of the conservative (Akhbárí) strand in Twelver Shí‘a Islamic belief, those who favour aḥádíth over fatáwá. He opposed the uṣúlí tendency within the Twelver Shí‘a tradition.
Aswad, Sawda (Sauda), Sud, Sudan	Aswad, fem. Sawdá, pl. Súd	black; dark-coloured;—pl. súdán a black, Negro
Ata az-Zakata	Atá az-Zakáta	to give alms
Ata, Ityan, Aty, Ma’ta	Atá (Ityán, Aty, Ma’tá(h))	to come, arrive
Ata’, ‘Atiya (‘Ata’iyih), A’tiya, ‘Ata’yat	‘Aṭá’, fem. ‘Aṭíya[h or t]	pl. a‘tiya, ‘aṭá’yát, fem. ‘aṭáyá. Gift, present;—pl. ‘Aṭá’yát offer, tender. Pers. fem. ‘aṭa’íyih, “‘aṭa’íyyih”, “ataieh”. ‘Alí Akbar Furútan married ‘Aṭá’íyyih ‘Azíz-Khurásání in 1931.
Ata’u’llah	‘Aṭá’u’lláh	Gift of God
Ataba, ‘Atab, A’tab	‘Ataba(h), pl. ‘Atab, A‘táb	doorstep, threshold; (door) lintel; also al-‘Ataba(h) al-‘ulyá step, stair; ‘Utbah masc. name
Ataba, ‘Atab, A’tab, ‘Atabat	‘Ataba[h or t], pl. ‘Atab, A‘tab, ‘Atabát	a gate, a port; the threshold; the lintel of a door; the round of a ladder, a step; a royal court; anything adverse or disagreeable. Also ‘Ataba[h or t] ‘ulyá, step or stair. Plural: steps, thresholds. “‘Atabát”, the Shi’ite holy shrines in ‘Iráq and the cities where they are located: the tombs of the first six Imams; and the cities of Karbalá’, Najaf, Káẓimayn, and Sámarrá. See al-‘Atabát al-‘Álíyát.
Atabak	Atábak	Pers. (from atá, a father, and bak, a lord), the lord father (a title given to the governors of Shíráz); a guardian, preceptor, teacher; the prime minister, or vizír; honorary title of an ámir
Atabak-i-A’zam (Atabik-i-A’zam)	Atábak-i-A‘ẓam	Title of Mírzá ‘Alí-Asghar Khán
Atabat al-‘Ali, Atabat-i-Aliyat	al-‘Atabát al-‘Álíyát	(Pers. ‘Atabát-i-‘Álíyát) (lit. Supreme Shrines). Bahá’í Shrines of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh. Applied by Shí‘a Muslims to the cities of Karbalá’, Najaf, Káẓimayn and Sámarrá. Also known as al-‘Atabát al-Muqaddasa (“holy doorsteps”).
Ataturk	Atatürk	Turkish (Ata + türk, father of the turks) honorific surname given to Muṣṭafá Kemál Páshá
Athar	Aṭhar	Pers. more or most pure
Athar	Athar, pl. Áthár	track, trace, vestige; sign, mark; touch; impression, effect, action, influence (on); tradition (relating the deeds and utterances of Muḥammad and his Companions); work (of art, especially of literature); ancient monument;—pl. also: antiquities; remnants, vestiges; (religious) relics
Athar-i Qalam-i A’la	Athar-i-Qalam-i-A‘la	“Traces of the Most High Pen”. Collected Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh in Arabic and Persian
Athari	Atharí, Áthárí	archaeologic(al); archaeologist; old, ancient, antique
Athim, Athama, Uthama’	Áthim, pl. Athama, Athím, Uthamá’	sinful, criminal, wicked, evil; sinner
Athir	Athír	marking; marked, chosen, selected;—(from Greek αίθήρ) sky, ether; fire as an element. Pers. the sphere of fire; the sun; tears
Athiri	Athírí	ethereal
Atifi	‘Áṭifí	sentimental; emotional; emotive, feeling; tender, affectionate, loving
Atiq	‘Atíq	old, ancient, antique; matured, mellowed, aged (wine); of ancient tradition, long-standing; antiquated, outmoded, obsolete; free, emancipated (slave); noble
Atir, ‘Atira	‘Aṭir, fem. ‘Aṭira[t]	sweet-smelling, fragrant, aromatic; perfumed, scented
Atish	Átish	Pers. fire; light, splendour; rage; levity, fickleness; valour, value, dignity; dearness, scarceness; (metaphorically) the Devil; a courageous man, bold, brave; a lover; fire of Jove; desire, appetite, greed; digestive heat; sulphur. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá said Marzieh Gale had átish and namak. Arches of the years, p. 87.
Atish-Parast (Atishparast, Atishparastan)	Átish-Parast, pl. Átish-Parastán	fire-worshippers
Atiya, ‘Ataya	‘Aṭíya(h or t), pl. ‘Aṭáyá	Pers. also ‘Atíyya(h) gift, present
Atlit (Athlit)	‘Atlít	Hebrew. Atlit is a coastal town 14 km south of Haifa. It was a Crusader outpost until 1291. The ruins of the Crusader Château Pèlerin or Atlit Castle (1218–1291) are 1.5 km to the north on a small peninsula.
Atqan	Atqan	more perfect, more thorough
Attar, ‘Attara	‘Aṭṭár, fem. ‘Aṭṭára[h or t]	1. perfumer, perfume vendor; druggist; 2. sweet-smelling, fragrant, aromatic. From the form II root عطّر. Abú Ḥamíd bin Abú Bakr Ibráhím (c. 1145–c. 1221), better known by his pen-names Faríd ud-Dín and ‘Aṭṭár (apothecary), was a 12th-century Persian poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Níshápur who had an immense and lasting influence on Persian poetry and Sufism. Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr (“The Conference of the Birds”) and Iláhí-Náma (“The Book of Divine”) are among his most famous works.
Attari	‘Aṭṭárí	of or relating to a druggist; the business of a perfumer or druggist
Atyab, Atyaban, Atayib	Aṭyab, dual Aṭyabán, pl. Aṭáyib	better, best, more or most sweet, fragrant, delicate, pleasant, delightful;—(dual) the two delights, Ceres (goddess of agriculture) and Venus (goddess of love), or youth and gay spirits;—pl. the best parts (of something); pleasures, comforts, amenities; delicacies, dainties. See ṭúbá
Aw (Au)	Aw	or (with following subjunctive) unless, except that
Awara (Awarah, Avarih, Avareh)	Áwára	Pers. (آوراه) (Iṣfahání Pers. Áwárih, Ávárih) an account-book; computation; certainty, assuredness; lost, annihilated; ruined; scattered; destitute of name or character; an exile, outcast, vagabond, vagrant, wanderer, straggler, immigrant; iron filings; oppression, injustice; bane, ruin, desolation. For Arabic, see Ṭaríq. See also Áyatí.
Awasta (Avesta)	Awastá	Pers. the sacred books of Zoroaster.
Awf (Auf)	‘Awf	flying round anything (as birds round a watering-place or carcase); state, condition; work, business; a guest; good fortune, happiness; one who takes care of his family
Awih (Avih, Aveh, Awah)	Áwih	villages in the provinces of Fárs, Markazí and Qazvín (26 km SSE Sávih (Sáveh) and 45 km NW of Qum).
Awin	Áwín	Áwín Zindán (Evin Prison, Ṭihrán)
Awj (“Auj”), Awji	Awj	noun. highest point, acme, pinnacle; culmination, climax; apogee (astron.); peak (fig.; of power. of fame). Adj. Awjí
Awn (‘Aun), A’wan	‘Awn, pl. A‘wán	being middle-aged (a woman); helping, assisting; aid, assistance, succour, help; an aider, helper, defender, protector; an ally; a servant;—‘awni iláhí, Divine aid. Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mu‘ín ibn ‘Awn (1767–1858), was Sharíf and Imára (Emir) of Mecca from 1827–1836, 1840–1851 and 1856–1858. The Báb was in Mecca on Friday 20 December 1844 (Islamic Friday 10 Dhu’l-Ḥijjah AH 1260), hence Ḥajj-i-Akbar, fulfilling a ḥadíth for the appearance of the Qá’im, in this case, a Friday in both calendars!
Awrang (Aurang)	Awrang	Pers. a throne; wisdom, understanding; beauty, gracefulness; life; a manufacturing village; fraud, deceit; mirth; a worm which eats into wood; a line whereon things are hung to dry; glory, honour; a man’s name; (metaphorically) heaven. A low mountain near the village of Tákur, in the province of Núr, Persia, the summer residence of Bahá’u’lláh.
Awraq-i-Nariyyih	Awráq-i-Náríyyih	Pers. form “the Infernal Letters” See waraq (paper) and nárí
Aws (Aus)	Aws	giving in exchange or return, requiting, repaying; a gift; name of an Arab tribe (Banú Aws)
Awsa’ (Ausa’)	Awsa‘	wider, larger, roomier, more spacious
Awsat (“Ausat”), Awasit, Wusta, Wusat	Awsaṭ, pl. Awsaṭ	middle, central; the middle finger
Awtad	Awtád	pegs or tent stakes. See Watad/Autád
Awwal (Auwal), Ula, Awwalun, Awa’il	Awwal, f. Úlá, pl. m. Awwalún, Awá’il	first; foremost, most important, principal, chief, main; first part, beginning; (with definite article also) earlier, previous, former. al-úlá “pre-existence”—ad-dunyá (earthly life) and al-ákhira (afterlife), pl. also Awwalín
Awwali	Awwalí	prime, primary, primordial, original, initial, first; elemental, fundamental, basic, principal, chief, main; elementary; primitive, pristine, primeval
Awwaliya, Awwaliyat	Awwalíya[h or t], pl. Awwalíyát	fundamental truth, axiom; primary constituent, essential component, element; primal; precedence; priority
Awwam	‘Awwám	good swimmer. az-Zubayr ibn al-‘Awwám ibn Khuwaylid (594–656), was one of the companions of Muḥammad and Khadíjah’s nephew.
Ay	Ay	that is (to say), i.e.; namely, to wit
Aya (Ayih), Ay, Ayat	Áya(h or t), collective Áy, pl. Áyát	sign, token, mark; miracle; wonder, marvel, prodigy; model, exemplar, paragon, masterpiece. Commonly used to refer to each of the 6,236 verses in the Qur’án (6,348 áyát if all the Bismi’lláh [no plural] verses are included). Muslims regard each áya of the Qur’án as a sign from Alláh. (The Bahá’í Proofs).
Aya Sufiya (Sofiya)	Ayá Ṣúfiyá (Ayá Ṣófiyá)	Greek αγία σοφία, agia sofiya, “Holy wisdom”. English Hagia Sophia. Turkish based on the Greek sound: Ayasofya or Aya Sofya). Ar. from Greek Ayá Ṣúfiyá, but translated as al-Ḥikmat al-Muqadasa. The first St. Sophia (360–404) was a Christian cathedral built by Constantine the Great. It was largely destroyed during riots in 404. A second church (415–532) was destroyed by fire. in 532 Construction of the present structure was started that same year by Justinian I. Converted to become one of the most famous Muslim mosques (1453–1935), a museum (1935–2020), and now a mosque again.
Ayati	Áyatí	Mírzá ‘Abdu’l-Ḥusayn Áyatí Taftí (1871–1953), titled Ra’ís al-Muballighín (“chief of missionaries”) and Ávárih (wanderer) by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, was a prominent Iranian Bahá’í. Author of al-Kawákib ad-Durríya fí Ma’áthir al-Bahá’íya (“The Pearly Stars in the Achievements of the Bahá’í Faith”). After the death of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá he pressed for the election of the UHJ in the hope of becoming a member. When he failed, he withdrew from the Bahá’í Faith and began to publicly denounce it and published Kashfu’l-Ḥiyal (Uncovering of Trickery).
Ayatu’l-Kursi	Áyatu’l-Kursí	“Verse of the throne”, Qur’án 2:255
Ayatu’llah	Áyatu’lláh	“sign of God” A senior Shí‘ih religious leader in Írán (title origin 19th century) and a title given to Shoghi Effendi by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in His Will and Testament
Ayatu’llah al-‘Uzma	Áyatu’lláh al-‘Uẓmá	the greatest sign of God, “Grand Ayatu’llah”, designates a Marji‘ at-taqlíd (“source to follow”) or Marji‘ ad-Díní (“religious reference”). In post 1979 revolution Írán, the next levels down are Áyatu’lláh, used for any established mujtahid; and Ḥujjatu’l-Islám for aspiring mujtahids. See a‘ẓam or ‘uẓm.
Ayatu’llah-i-Khurasani	Áyatu’lláh-i-Khurásání	(MF)
Ayaz	Áyáz and Ayáz	Pers. name of a favourite of Sulṭán Maḥmúd of Ghaznah; name of one of the Emirs of Sulṭán Ibrahím bin Mas‘úd bin Maḥmúd Ghaznawí.
Aydil-Khani	Aydil-Khání
Ayk (Aik), Aykatun	Ayk, Ayka(h or t), pl. Aykatún	(collective; nomen unitatis ة) thicket, jungle, a forest, copse, grove, thicket, wood (أيكةة).—pl. the dwellers of woods (an epithet for the people of Midian (Midianites) to whom the prophet Shu‘ayb was sent).
Ayman (Aiman)	Ayman, fem. Yumná	right-hand, right, on the right; lucky
Ayn (‘Ain), ‘Aynan, ‘Uyun, A’yun	‘Ayn fem., ‘Aynán	(pl. ‘Uyún, A‘yun, A‘yán) eye; evil eye; spring, source, fountainhead (of water); scout, reconnoiterer; hole; mesh; flower, choice, prime (of something);—(pl. a‘yán) an eminent, important man, used especially in plural: people of distinction, important people, leading personalities, leaders, notables, prominent persons; substances, essences; self, individuality;—chattel, object of material value, (corporeal or personal) property, personality, capital asset (Islamic Law);—ready money, cash; name of the letter ع (18th in Arabic and 21st in Persian alphabets—see hijá’í). A‘yán can also be used to mean archetypes or ideal forms in the Platonic sense. The Bahá’í Faith transcripts an ‘Ayn as a left single quotation mark ⟨‘⟩ [U+2108]. Two internationally accepted forms are a Greek rough breathing mark ⟨ʻ⟩ [U+02BB] and a modifier letter left half ring ⟨ʿ⟩ [U+02BF]—see the Special characters section.
Ayn-‘Ayn (E. E.)	‘Ayn-‘Ayn	short form for ‘Abdu’l-Bahá ‘Abbás
Ayni, ‘Aini	‘Ayní	Pers. (Ar. influence) of or relating to the eye; genuine, essential, real
Aynu’l-Baqar (Aynu’l-Baghar)	‘Aynu’l-Baqar	an ancient spring (“The spring of the cow”) about half-way between the moat around ‘Akká and Tel ‘Akká
Aynu’llah (‘Ainullah)	‘Aynu’lláh	Eye of God. Brothers Sulaymán and Raḥmán ‘Aynu’lláhí, guards in the Disciplinary Forces (NAFA).
Aynu’s-Sitt	‘Aynu’s-Sitt	“Spring of the woman”—about 200 metres south of ‘Aynu’l-Baqar
Ayyam-i-Ha	Ayyám-i-Há	“Days of Há” Intercalary days
Ayyam-i-Shidad	Ayyám-i-Shidád	“Days of stress”—the supreme crisis in Adrianople, engineered by the diabolical Siyyid Muḥammad (GPB 163)
Ayyub (Aiyub)	Ayyúb	Job (the prophet)
Ayyubiyun	al-Ayyúbíyún	Ayyubid dynasty, the Ayubites
Az	Áz	Pers. desire, love, passion, lust; avidity, avarice, covetousness; (at the end of compounds) greedy; name of a city.
Az	Az	Pers. from; of; for; by; out of; with; belonging to; by means of; in
Az-Bagh-i-Ilahi	Az-Bágh-i-Iláhí	“From the Garden of Holiness” by Bahá’u’lláh
Azad	Ázád	Pers. free, independent, liberated, delivered, manumitted, exempted; fault, less; solitary, lonely; a kind of faqír, or devotee; a lily; a cypress; a fresh date; an evergreen; a delicious kind of fish
Azad Bun (Azad Bon)	Ázád Bun	Pers. a village (36.662395, 52.963961) 29 km NE Babol and 14 km NW of Sárí. Burial place of Ḥaydar, brother of Quddús.
Azadi	Ázádí	Pers. liberty; freedom from worldly cares; praise, thanksgiving
Azal	Azal	Pers. eternity (without beginning). cf. abad.
Azali	Azalí, pl. Azálál	Pers. existing from all eternity, eternal; God; a follower of Mírzá Yaḥyá based on his assumed title of “Ṣubḥ-i-Azal”.
Azaliya	Azalíya(t)	life everlasting, eternity
Azamat, ‘Azamut	‘Azamat, ‘Azamút, pl. ‘Azamát	Pers. magnitude, magnificence, pride, pomp, grandeur; (met.) a grandee.
Azamatu’llah	‘Aẓamatu’lláh	Magnificence of God
Azamut	‘Aẓamút	Ar. greatness, magnitude, grandeur, dominion
Azan	Áẓán or Aẓán (also Adhán)	Pers. announcing, giving notice; the signal for summoning to prayers, by the Mu’aẓẓin or crier, from the minarets or towers of the mosques; listening to
Azar	Ázar	Muslim name for Abraham’s father, or, according to others, his uncle’s, that of his father being Tárikh. See Táraḥ and Tárakh.
Azariqa	Azáriqa(h)	al-Azáriqah were an extremist branch of al-Khárijíyat, who followed the leadership of Náfi‘ ibn al-Azraq. Adherents participated in armed struggles against the rulers of the Umayyad Caliphate, declared those who avoided this duty infidels, and allowed them to be murdered. The Azraqites did not extend the principle of killing “apostates” to Christians and Jews, since they believed that they did not betray the teachings of the prophets Jesus and Moses.
Azghand	Azghand	village (35.259502, 58.800555; 130 km SW Mashhad) and rural district
Azhar	Aẓhar	more distinct, more manifest, clearer
Azhar, Zahra, Zahra’i	Azhar, fem. Zahrá	shining, luminous, radiant, brilliant; bright. al-Azhar University, Cairo. Zahrá ehite splendid, clear, serene, bright, shining, beautiful, flourishing, blooming. Comparative form zahrá’ “bright”. Fátima bin Muhammad is commonly known as Fáṭimah az-Zahrá’, the “radiant one”. Surname Zahrá’í a radiant one, a dazzling beauty. See Zahra .
Azib	‘Ázib	unmarried; distant pasture; a camel which feeds abroad all night; name of a mountain. Bará’ ibn ‘Ázib of the Anṣár was a companion of Muḥammad and narrator of ḥadíth. He fought beside Muḥammad in 15. In 645, during the caliphate of ‘Uthmán, he was made governor of ar-Ray (in Persia). He died in 690.
Azim (Azzaam)	‘Azím	applying the mind to, undertaking; determined to accomplish; a powerful enemy
Azim-i-Khu’i	‘Aẓím-i-Khu’í
Azim-i-Tafrishi	‘Aẓím-i-Tafríshí	(MF)
Azim, Uzama, Izam, Aza’im	‘Aẓím, pl. ‘Uẓamá, ‘Iẓám, ‘Aẓá’im	great, big, large; strong, powerful, mighty; significant, important; grand, grandiose, imposing, stately, magnificent; lofty, exalted, august, sublime, splendid, gorgeous, glorious, superb; huge, vast, prodigious, enormous, tremendous, immense, stupendous; hard, distressing, gruesome, trying, oppressive (see A‘ẓam) Mullá Shaykh ‘Alí of Khurásán was given the name ‘Aẓím by the Báb. The Great One (Superlative form of ‘aẓuma).
Azima, ‘Aza’im	‘Azíma(h or t), pl. ‘Azá’im	determination, firm will, firm intention;—pl. resolution (to do something), decision; incantation; spell
Aziz, A’izza’, A’izza	‘Azíz, pl. A‘izzá’, A‘izza[h or t]	mighty, powerful, respected, distinguished, notable; strong; noble, esteemed, venerable, august; honorable; rare, scarce, scarcely to be found; difficult, hard (for); precious, costly, valuable; dear, beloved (to), cherished, valued (by); friend; ruler, overlord
Aziz Khan-i-Sardar	‘Azíz Khán-i-Sardár	he killed Ṭáhirih
Azizi	‘Azízí	(Ar. element) greatness, valuableness
Azizu’llah	‘Azízu’lláh	“Dear God”. ‘Azízu’lláh Khán Bahádur (Unfolding Destiny, p. 44)
Azm	‘Azm	determination, firm will, firm intention, decision, resolution; energy
Azm, A’zum, ‘Izam	‘Aẓm, pl. A‘ẓum, ‘Iẓám	bone
Azm, Uzm, ‘Azam, ‘Uzma	‘Aẓm, ‘Uẓm, ‘Aẓam, fem. ‘Uẓmá	the principal or larger part of anything. ‘Uẓmá greater, most supreme.
Azraq, Zarqa’, Zurq	Azraq, fem. Zarqá’, pl. Zurq	blue; blue eyed; heaven, the sky. al-Azraq ash-Shámí, a Damascene blue dye, also name of a Syrian notorious for causing grave suffering to the captive family of Imám Ḥusayn after the tragedy of Karbila.
Azuma, Izam, Azama	‘Aẓuma, ‘Iẓam, ‘Aẓáma	to be or become great, big, large, grand, grandiose, magnificent, imposing, powerful, or mighty; etc.
Azurdigan (Azordegan, Azordigan)	Ázúrdigán	Pers. name

Top -s ABC D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
B
Ba	Bá	name of the second Arabic letter, b. This “lying down” letter (Persian can be transcripted as bih) can be used to represent humility.
Ba’ata (ba’t)	Ba‘ata (Ba‘t)	to send, send out, dispatch; to forward; to delegate; to emit; to evoke, arouse, call forth, awaken; to stir up, provoke, bring on; to revive, resuscitate; to resurrect (someone from death); to incite, induce, instigate; to cause (something; e.g., astonishment)
Ba’da	Ba‘da	(preposition) after; in addition to, beside; aside from
Ba’is, Bu’asa’ (Buasa, Buassa)	Ba’ís, pl. Bu’asá’	miserable, wretched
Ba’ith, Bawa’ith	Bá‘ith, pl. Bawá‘ith	incentive, inducement, motive, spur, reason, cause, occasion. Root is ba‘ata, so can also mean to resurrect from death.
Ba’qubah, Baqubah, Baquba, Baqouba	Ba‘qúbah	city 51 km NNE of Baghdád, on the Diyálá River. Bahá’u’lláh passed here en route to Baghdád.
Ba’th, Bu’uth	Ba‘th, pl. Bu‘úth	sending out, emission, dispatching, delegation, etc.; resurrection;—pl. delegations, deputations. Yawm al-Ba‘th Day of Resurrection (from the dead)
Ba’tha (Bi’tha), Ba’atat	Ba‘tha[h or t], pl. Ba‘athát	delegation, deputation, mission; expedition; student exchange; group of exchange students; revival, rebirth, renaissance, rise. The Báb is said to calculate the beginning of the Islamic revelation from the year Ba‘tha (the Call in CE 612) instead of the year of the Hijra (CE 622) when Muḥammad migrated from Mecca to Medina.
Bab-i-Amin	Báb-i-Amín	Shrine of the Báb door—centre NW side
Bab-i-Ashraf	Báb-i-Ashraf	Shrine of the Báb door—centre NE side (Tomb ‘Abdu’l-Bahá)
Bab-i-Bala	Báb-i-Bálá	Shrine of the Báb door—centre SE side
Bab-i-Fadl	Báb-i-Faḍl	Shrine of the Báb door—northern end NW side
Bab-i-Giachery	Báb-i-Giachery	Shrine of the Báb door—southern end NW side
Bab-i-Ioas	Báb-i-Ioas	Shrine of the Báb octagon door—SW side
Bab-i-Karim	Báb-i-Karím	Shrine of the Báb door—northern end SE side
Bab-i-Makhsus	Báb-i-Makhṣúṣ	Special or specific gate
Bab-i-Maxwell	Báb-i-Maxwell	Shrine of the Báb door—centre SW side
Bab-i-Qassabchi	Báb-i-Qaṣṣábchí	Shrine of the Báb door—southern end, SE side
Bab, Babayn (Babain), Abwab, Abvab	Báb, dual Bábayn, pl. Abwáb, Pers. Abváb	door; gate; opening, gateway; entrance; chapter, section, column, rubric; group, class, category; field, domain (figurative). Title assumed by Siyyid Mírzá ‘Alí Muḥammad (al-Báb, the Gate; born 1 Muḥarram 1235, 20 October 1819; executed 27 Sha‘bán 1266, 9 July 1850 in the Tabriz barrack square) after the declaration of His Mission in Shíráz two hours and eleven minutes after sunset on 22 May 1844. Father was Mírzá Muḥammad-Riḍá, who died (1828) while he was still an infant. House location in Shíráz, see Baytu’l-Mahdí. He left to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, arriving in time to perform the sacrifice on Friday 10 Dhu’l-Ḥijjah 1260 (Friday 20 December 1844). Before leaving He addressed a Tablet to the Sharíf of Mecca (Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mu‘ín, see the ‘Awn entry) to proclaim His advent. He arrived in Medina on 1 Muḥarram 1261 (Friday 10 January 1845), His birthday. From Medina He travelled to Jiddah and sailed back to Búshihr. His wife was Khadíjih-Bagum. Writings: Qayyúmu’l-Asmá’, the Persian and Arabic Bayán, Dalá’il-i-Sab‘ih (“Seven Proofs”) and the Kitáb-i-Asmá’. Second wife, Fáṭimih (sister of Mullá Rajab ‘Alí Qahír and Mullá ‘Alí Muḥammad Siráj), married 6 months in Iṣfahán in 1847; Mírzá Yaḥyá married her for a few days (Bahá’u’lláh was in Kurdistán), on the basis that he was the Báb’s “successor”, then passed her to Siyyid Muḥammad. Some designations of the Báb are: Siyyid-i-Dhikr, Ṭal‘at-i-A‘lá, Siyyid-i-Báb, ‘Abdu’dh-Dhikr, Ḥaḍrat-i-A‘lá, Bábu’lláh, Rabb-i-A‘lá, Nuqṭiy-i-Úlá and Nuqṭiy-i-Bayán. (DB 72).
Baba-Iski	Bábá-Iskí	Babaeski, 50 km SE Adrianople, Türkiye
Baba-zadih (Babazadih)	Bábá-Zádih
Baba, Babawat	Bábá, pl. Bábawát, Pers. Bábáyán	pope; papa, father, daddy
Babak	Bábak	Pers. (diminutive of báb), a little father; one who educates; faithful, constant, firm, strong; a turquoise stone; name of a king.
Babawayh	Bábawayh	Persian family name. Abú Ja‘far Muḥammad ibn ‘Alí ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Músá ibn Bábawayh al-Qummí (c. 923–991), usually known as ibn Bábawayh or by the title ash-Shaykh aṣ-Ṣadúq (“the truthful scholar”), was a Persian Shí‘a Islamic scholar.
Babawi	Bábawí	papal, relating to the Pope
Babawiya	Bábawíya[h or t]	papacy, office of the Pope
Babi, Babiyun	Bábí, pl. Bábíyún (Pers. Bábiyyún)	a follower of the Báb. Generally, the hybrid plural Bábís is used.
Babiya, Babiyya, Babigari	Bábíya[h or t], Bábiyya[h or t]	the Bábí place (Pers. Bábígarí). Name given to the house Quddús asked Mullá Ḥusayn to build in Mashhad. al-Bábíya[h or t] or al-Bábiyya, Babism, or more commonly, the Bábí Faith. Also possible is al-Ímán al-Bábí.
Babr, Bubur	Babr, pl. Bubúr	(babur, babor, babar and baber) tiger
Babri	Babrí	of Babr. Babrí Masjid—formerly a famous mosque in Ayodhya, India. See Ẓáhir.
Babu’d-Din	Bábu’d-Dín	“The Gate of Religion”
Babu’l-Bab, Bab-i-Bab	Bábu’l-Báb, Pers. Báb-i-Báb	“gate of the Gate”, name given to Mullá Muḥammad-Ḥusayn-i-Bushrú’í (also Janáb-i-Bábu’l-Báb)
Babu’llah	Bábu’lláh	(“The Gate of God”) (a designation of the Báb)
Babu’llahu’l-A’zam	Bábu’lláhu’l-A‘ẓam	the Most Great Báb
Babul (Babol), Babil	Bábul, Babíl	Babel, Babylon, renowned for wine and magic; the planet Jupiter; the East. City (36.538588, 52.676906) in Mazandaran Province, formerly known as Bárfurúsh.
Babulsar, Babul Sar, Mashhad-i-Sar	Bábulsar, Bábul Sar	Pers. also known as Mashhadsar, Mashhad-i-Sar and Meshed-i-Sar; is a city and capital of Babolsar County, Mazandaran Province, Írán. It is located alongside the Caspian Sea north of Bábul. A busy seaport during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Bad	Bád	Pers. wind, air, breath
Bad’a, Badi’a, Bidaya	Bad’a[h or t], Badí’a[h or t]	Bidáya[h or t] (Badáya[h or t]) beginning, start
Bada	Badá	Ar. to appear, show, become evident, clear, plain or manifest, come to light; to be obvious; to seem good, acceptable, proper (to someone). Form III to show, display, evince, manifest, reveal, declare openly
Bada’	Badá’	Pers. coming in the mind; appearing; beginning. Two meanings: 1. Appearance after hiding involving alteration of the Divine Will or the non-fulfilment of the Divine Will. A Shí‘a concept where God may alter the course of human history as is seen to be fit. 2. Origination of a new idea. The Sunní view on Badá’ is that it is not applicable to God. The Báb made significant reinterpretations of the concept of badá’. 1. Change in divine revelation according to the principle of progressive revelation. 2. Acceptance embodies the recognition of God’s absolute power and authority and thus is the highest sign of spiritual maturity. 3. The concept of magnification (takbír), as the symbol of the completion of the four layers of the divine covenant. One’s faith is complete and will not be subject to alteration or negation if one believes in all four supports or pillars of the covenant. See Gate of the heart, pp. 207–11.
Bada’, Bada’a	Badá’, fem. Badá’a[h or t]	beginning, start; first step, first instance, new
Bad-Gir (Badgir), Bad-Gir-Ha	Bád-Gír (Bádgír), pl. Bád-Gír-Há	Pers. an airy house; a funnel perforated in every part for the admission of air. Also wind catcher, wind tower, or wind scoop—a traditional architectural element used to create cross ventilation and passive cooling in buildings.
Badakhshan	Badakhshán	“Badakh Mountains”. NE Afghánistán province
Badasht	Badasht	a village (36.421145, 55.052742) 7 km east of Sháhrúd and 8.5 km SE of Basṭám in Semnan Province, venue of the first Bábí conference.
Badawi, Badw	Badawí, pl. Badw	Bedouin, nomadic; rural (as distinguished from urban); a Bedouin;—pl. desert, nomads, Bedouins
Badawiya, Badawiyat	Badawíya, pl. Badawíyát	Bedouin woman, Bedouin girl
Badayi’u’l-Athar	Badáyi‘u’l-Áthár	“initial impressions”, diary of Mírzá Maḥmúd-i-Zarqání. Given English title of “Travels of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to the West.
Badhinjan, Baydhinjan (Baidinjan)	Bádhinján and Baydhinján	(collective; nomen unitatis ة) pl. -át. eggplant, aubergine
Badi’	Badí‘	unique, marvellous, wonderful, astonishing, surprising, wondrous, rare. Name of the calendar introduced by the Báb in the Kitabu’l-Asmáʼ (“Book of Divine Names) and used by the Bahá’ís. See abda‘ and Áqá Buzurg-i-Níshápúrí. Mírzá Badí‘ Khurásání delivered Bahá’u’lláh’s Epistle to Náṣir ad-Dín Sháh Qájár (Lawḥ-i-Sulṭán).
Badi’ al-Jamal, Badi’u’l-Jamal	Badí‘ al-Jamál, (Pers.) Badí‘u’l-Jamál	of astonishing beauty
Badi’ az-Zaman, Badi’u’z-Zaman	Badí‘ az-Zamán, (Pers.) Badí‘u’z-Zamán	the wonder of the age
Badi’a (Badi’ih), Bada’i	Badí‘a[h or t], pl. Badá’i‘	(fem. of Badí‘) an astonishing, amazing thing, a marvel, a wonder; original creation. Pers. also Badí‘ih or Badí‘yyih?
Badi’i	Badí‘í	rhetorical
Badi’u’l-Hayat	Badí‘u’l-Ḥayát	“Wondrous Life” A name give by Bahá’u’lláh to Mírzá Ja‘far.
Badi’u’llah	Badí‘u’lláh	“wonder of God”. Mírzá Badí‘u’lláh (1867–1950), a son of Bahá’u’lláh and His second wife, Mahd-i-‘Ulyá. He wrote a “confession”, at-Ta‘límu’l-Bahá’íyat, which was translated as An Epistle to the Bahai World.
Badil, Badila, Budala’	Badíl, fem. Badíla(h), pl. Budalá’	substitute; stand-in, double (theatrical art); a good, just, religious man; (fem.) serving as a replacement or substitute. Budayl (Badíl) ibn Warqá‘ al-Khuzá‘í was a Meccan Companion of the Prophet and one of the shaykhs of the Khuzá‘ah tribe.
Badkubah (Badkubih), Bad-Kubah	Bádkúbah, Bád-Kúbah	“Wind-pounded city”. See Bákú
Badkubi’i (Badkoubei	Bádkúbi’í	Pers. (bád + kúb)
Badr, Budur	Badr, pl. Budúr	full moon. Badr Ḥunayn is a city 80 km SE of Yanbú‘. Site of the famous Battle of Badr, between the Quraysh led polytheists, and the Muslims under the leadership of Muḥammad, in 624.
Badri	Badrí	of or relating to the full moon; plenilunar; one who had been present at the battle of Badr; a purse full of money
Badshah, Padshah	Bádsháh, Pádsháh	Pers. an emperor, sovereign, monarch, king. Also Pád-Sháh (“Padeshah”)
Badw	Badw	desert; nomads, Bedouins
Bagh	Bágh	garden
Bagh	Bagh	Pers. a ditch; name of an idol; a god (enters into composition of names, as bagh-dád—“god-given”)
Bagh-i-Firdaws	Bágh-i-Firdaws	“Garden of Paradise”, agricultural land west of the Riḍván Garden, and east of old Akko (‘Akká)
Bagh-i-Jannat	Bágh-i-Jannat	“Garden of Paradise”
Bagh-i-Takht	Bágh-i-Takht	“Garden of the Throne” or “Garden of the Level”, in north western Shíráz (29.634226, 52.542910). A garden with a spring that once flowed over 7 terraces to a pool.
Bagh-Misha (Bagh-Mishih, Baghmisheh)	Bágh-Mísha	Pers. “garden of early man”; eastern district of Tabríz (38.075720, 46.384497)
Bagh-Panba (Bagh-Panbih)	Bágh-Panba	“cotton garden”. Bagh-Panbeh is an old district of Qum (≈ 2 km NE of city centre; 34.647643, 50.891723)
Baghban-Bashi	Bághbán-Báshí
Baghban, Bagh-Pira	Bághbán, Bágh-pírá	Pers. a gardener; a vine-dresser
Baghcha	Bághcha	Pers. a little garden, a garden
Baghdad	Baghdád	the original circular city of Baghdád (about 3 km NW of the present city centre) was built on the site of an earlier village by the Abbasid Caliph al-Manṣúr in CE 762–766 as the official residence of the Abbasid court. Its official name in Abbasid times was Madínat as-Salám (“The City of Peace”), Dár as-Salám (“the Abode of Peace”) or Madínatu’lláh (“the City of God”, because peace is an attribute of God). Baghdád may have derived from ancient Persian Bagh (“God”) and Dád (“gift”), i.e. “Gift of God” or “God-given”. Alternatively, also from Persian, Bagh and Dádh (“founded”), hence city “Founded by God”. In Islamic times, the west bank was known as az-Zawrá and the east bank as ar-Rawḥá’.
Baghdadi, Baghdadyun, Baghdida	Baghdádí, pl. Baghdádyún, Baghádida	native of Baghdád
Bagum (Begum, Bigum)	Bagum	(Turk) dame. Feminine form of ‘Big’. A title placed after the name.
Baha	Baha	Pers. far be it!
Baha	Bahá	Pers. price, value
Baha’	Bahá’ (بَهاء)	beauty, magnificence, splendour; brilliancy; glory or light. Title of Bahá’u’lláh. See Abhá. An Islamic Tradition states the Most great Name (Huwu) consists of four names:, 1. “God” (Alláh), 2. “the Blessed” (Tabáraka), 3. “the Exalted” (Ta‘álá, from the same root as ‘Alí), 4. The hidden name of God—identified by the Báb as hidden in Ta‘álá, i.e. ‘Ali, but the ultimate name is Bahá’ [the Greatest Name]. See Gate of the heart, pp. 105–7. Abjad of Bahá’ (B = 2, h = 5, á = 1, hamza (apostrophe) = 1) is = 9, hence the significance of the number 9 in the Bahá’í Faith. Refer to the Bearers of the throne of God (8) section.
Baha’ ad-Din, Baha’u’d-Din	Bahá’ ad-Dín, Bahá’u’d-Dín	literally “splendour of the faith”. Bahá’u’lláh was known by the locals in the Haifa ‘Akká area as Bahá’u’d-Dín, a name that was less theologically problematic than Bahá’u’lláh.
Baha’i Holy Year	Bahá’í Holy Year	1. Centennial of “year nine” AH 1269/CE 1952 (Revelation received by Bahá’u’lláh about two months after imprisonment in Siyàh Chál)—October 1952 to October 1953. 2. Centennial Ascension Bahá’u’lláh, Riḍván 1992 to Riḍván 1993.
Baha’i Khun	Baháʼi Khún	Pers. the price of blood (which is paid to the relations of a person killed, as an atonement)
Baha’i, Baha’iyun (Baha’iun)	Bahá’í, pl. Bahá’iyún (بهائيين)	precious, valuable. “Follower of the Glory” (Bahá’ís is a generally used hybrid plural) A follower of Bahá’u’lláh; a person of light, of enlightenment. al-Ímán al-Bahá’í: Bahá’í Faith. “Bahá’íán” (the Bahá’ís) by Siyyid Muḥammad Báqir Najafí.
Baha’iya, Baha’iyya, Baha’igari	Bahá’íya[h or t], Bahá’iyya[h or t]	(Pers. Bahá’ígarí) (Ar. pl. Bahá’íyyát). Fem. of Bahá’í “Radiant” or “Full of Glory”. Bahá’íyyih Khánum (also known by Persians as the variant Bahíyyih Khánum), the Greatest Holy Leaf, daughter of Bahá’u’lláh. al-Bahá’íya or al-Bahá’iyya, Baha’ism, the doctrine of practice of the Bahá’ís, or more commonly, the Bahá’í Faith. Also possible is al-Ímán al-Bahá’í.
Baha’u’l-Abha	Bahá’u’l-Abhá	(previously written as Baha-el-Abha) “The Glory of the All-Glorious” “The Glory of the Most Glorious”
Baha’u’llah	Bahá’u’lláh (بهاءاله or بهاءالله)	(“The Glory of God”) Title of Mírzá Ḥusayn-‘Alí of Núr, founder of the Bahá’í Faith (1233–1309; 1817–1892). Born (2 Muḥarram 1233; 12 November 1817) in Ṭihrán. His parents were Mírzá ʻAbbás-i-Núrí (or Mírzá Buzurg Núrí) and his second wife Khadíjih Khánum. When Bahá’u’lláh, the Supreme Manifestation for this age, first heard of the Báb’s Revelation prior to His own declaration, He instantly acclaimed its truth, and arose to champion and promote its cause. He became known incorrectly as a “follower” and a “disciple” of the Báb. Wives: Ásíyih Khánum, Fáṭimih Khánum and Gawhar Khánum.
Bahadur, Bahaduran	Bahádur, pl. Bahádurán	Pers. brave, bold, valiant, courageous, magnanimous, warlike, strong, athletic; a soldier, champion, hero, chevalier, knight, horseman; a title of honour conferred by the Great Mogul and other Eastern potentates, bearing some resemblance to the European title of military knighthood. Abú Sa‘íd Baḥádur—should be Bahádur
Bahar	Bahár	Pers. spring, beginning of summer; a blossom; orange-flower; a Buddhist temple; an idol; the harem of a prince
Bahar, Baharat	Bahár, pl. Bahárát	spice; a species of odoriferous herb; anything beautiful and splendid; name of a village 14 km NW Hamadán
Bahari	Bahárí	Pers. belonging to the spring, vernal
Baharistan	Baháristán	Pers. spring; vernal blossoms; title of a celebrated work of Ṣúfí, Persian poet, native of Jám, Búshihr Province, Írán
Bahariyih, Bahariyyih, Baharieh	Baháríya[h or t], Baháriyya	Pers. (Bahariyyih, Bahareh), fem., “someone or something that arises in the spring”. Baháriyyih Rúḥání Ma‘ání.
Bahhaj	Bahháj	delightful, blissful. Form of the word bahija
Bahij	Bahij, Bahíj	magnificent, splendid, beautiful; happy, joyous; delightful
Bahija	Bahija	to be glad, be happy (about), be delighted (at). Root of Bahij and Bahja.
Bahir	Báhir	dazzling, brilliant, splendid, sparkling
Bahira	Baḥírá	known as Sergius the Monk to the Latin West, was a Syriac or Arab Arian, Nestorian or possibly Gnostic Nasorean monk who, according to Islamic tradition, foretold to the adolescent Muḥammad his future as a prophet. His name derives from the Syriac bḥírá, meaning “tested (by God) and approved”.
Bahiri	Báhirí	Mihdí Báhirí (martyr)
Bahiy al-Abhá, Bahiyu’l-Abhá	Bahíy al-Abhá, Bahíyu’l-Abhá	most glorious, magnificent and brilliant. “Ere long God will shine from the face of Bahíyu’l-Abhá with the name of Bahá’, on the Day of Absolute, in the plain of ‘Akká.” (Dalá’il al-‘Irfán, p. 156)
Bahjatu’s-Sudur (Bihjatu’s-Sudur)	Bahjatu’ṣ-Ṣudúr, “Bihjatu’ṣ-Ṣudúr”	“Delight of hearts” by Ḥájí Mírzá Ḥaydar-‘Alí. See bahja and ṣadr
Bahji, Bahij	Bahij, Bahíj, Bahjí	derivatives of bahija. Bahij: happy, joyous; delightful. Bahíj: magnificent, splendid, beautiful. Bahjí: less common form and can be considered a derivative or a colloquial variation, with a similar meaning to bahij. Bahjí (it has been translated as “place of delight”) is a part of the plain of ‘Akká where the Shrine and the Mansion of Bahá’u’lláh are located. See Núr ‘Alá Núr; and “Khammár, ‘Údí” for his doorway inscription.
Bahman	Bahman	Pers. intelligent, acute, adroit; the supreme intelligence; a cloud pouring rain; (also bahmani barf, “snow”) an avalanche of snow. The 11th month of the Persian solar calendar.
Bahnimir (Behnamir)	Bahnimír	city (36.667845, 52.761898) near southern coast of the Caspian Sea
Bahr, Bihar, Buhar, Abhar, Abhur	Baḥr, pl. Biḥár, Buḥúr, Abḥár, Abḥur	sea; large river; a noble, or great man (whose magnanimity or knowledge is comparable to the vastness of the sea); meter (poetry). Dual forms: Baḥrán (“Bahran”) (nominative, not used for the modern nation) and Baḥrayn (“Bahrayn, Bahrain”) (genitive and accusative). al-Baḥrán or al-Baḥrayn: “the two seas or rivers”. Qur’án 25:53 “two bodies of flowing water, one sweet and fresh and the other salty and bitter”. Dual form occurs 5× (figuratively?) in the Qur’án, only once in the nominative case, they do not refer to the modern nation (originally known to the Arabs as “Awwal”) but possibly to the oases of al-Qaṭíf and Ḥadjár (modern al-Ḥasá). The Bahrayn nation consists of 50 natural and 33 artificial islands in the western Persian Gulf. See Yamm and Biḥáru’l-Anwár.
Bahram	Bahrám	Pers. the planet Mars; name of several kings of Persia, and of other kingdoms in the East (corrupted by the Greeks into Varanes); name of several heroes; the twentieth day of every month. The older form is Vahrám (Middle Persian), also spelled Wahrám, literally meaning “smiting of resistance” or “victorious”.
Bahram Shahi, Bahramshahi	Bahrám Sháhí, Bahrámsháhí	Rúḥu’lláh Bahrámsháhí
Bahrami	Bahrámí	Pers. bravery, valour; slaughter
Bahran (Bahrain, Bahrein)	Baḥrán	Bahrain Islands
Bahrani	Baḥrání	of the Bahrain Islands. Shaykh ‘Abdu’lláh bin Núru’lláh al-Baḥrání al-Iṣfahání (d. CE 1711) compiled 11 vol. collection of traditions and Islamic history known as ‘Awálim or ‘Awálim al-‘Ulúm (‘Awálim al-‘Ulúm wa al-Ma‘árif wa al-aḥwál min al-Áyát wa al-Akhbar wa al-Aqwál, “The worlds of science, knowledge and conditions of verses, news and sayings”). The books are a revised arrangement and consummation of Bihar al-Anwar, the famous collection of Shí‘a traditions compiled by ‘Allámah Majlisí. The books are also known as Ḥadíth al-Ghadír.
Bahru’l-‘Ulum	Baḥru’l-‘Ulúm	“sea of all knowledge”
Bahru’l-Iram	Baḥru’l-Iram	Pers. “calm sea” or Sea of paradise”, name of a lake with a large island (the lake has since been reclaimed; 36.530251, 52.676284) on which a palace was built (Bágh-i-Sháh). Bágh Baḥru’l-Iram, an island garden.
Bahth, Buhuth, Abhath	Baḥth, pl. Buḥút, Abḥáth	search (for), quest (of); examination, study; research; investigation, exploration; discussion; treatise; (pl.) study, scientific report (on)
Bajastan (Bajestan, Bejestan, Bijestan)	Bajastán, Bajistán	a city (34.517094, 58.184451; 232 km SW of Mashhad) and capital of Bajestan County, Írán.
Bajastani (Bajestani, Bejestani, Bijestani)	Bajastání, Bajistání	Mullá Ḥasan-i-Bajistání, a Letter of the Living.
Baji	Bájí	Pers. sister; miss, lady (modern colloquialism)
Baka, Buka, Bukan	Baká (Buká’, Bukan)	to cry, weep (over); to bemoan, lament, bewail (someone), mourn (for) II and IV to make (someone) cry X to move (someone) to tears, make (someone) cry
Bakhit	Bakhít	lucky, fortunate
Bakhsh	Bakhsh	Pers. fate, destiny, portion, share, fortune, lot, part (a land division equal to a district)
Bakhshandagi (Bakhshandegi)	Bakhshandagí	Pers. liberality; pardon
Bakht	Bakht	Pers. fortune, prosperity, felicity, happiness; luck (good or bad); a horoscope, nativity, planet, constellation; the nightmare
Bakhtar	Bakhtar	Pers. commonly “the west”, if the subject is the rising sun, then “the east”. Otherwise, use sharq for “the east”.
Bakhtaran	Bakhtarán	Pers. name of Kirmánsháh (1987–95)
Bakhtawar (Bakhtavar)	Bakhtáwar	lucky, fortunate
Bakhtiyari	Bakhtíyárí (بختياري)	Pers. prosperity, riches. Tribe of western Írán (Bachtiari)
Bakk	Bakk	bruising, knocking; tearing, rending; crowding
Bakka	Bakka	(verb) to crowd as in a bazaar
Bakkah, Bakkat	Bakka(h or t)	believed to be an ancient name of Mecca (the b and m were interchangeable in the Arabic used in that area at the time of Muḥammad), but Muslim scholars say Bakkah refers to the Ka‘ba and the sacred site immediately surrounding it (due to the crowding and congestion of people in the area), while Mecca is the name of the city in which they are both located.
Bakr, Bakra, Abkhur, Bukran	Bakr, fem. Bakra[h or t]	(pl. Abkur, Bukrán) young camel. Caliph Abú-Bakr.
Bakri, Bakriyun	Bakrí, pl. Bakríyún	follower of Abú-Bakr (i.e. traditionalist), used by Shi‘as to refer to Sunnis.
Bakshish	Bakshísh	Per. See Baqshísh
Baku (Bad-kubah, Badkubah)	Bákú	Baku, capital city of Azerbaijan. The name is derived from the old Persian name for the city Bád-kúbah (or Bádkúbah), meaning “wind-beaten”, thus referring to a place where wind is strong and pounding.
Bakus (Bakos, Bacos, Bacus, Bakkos)	Bákús	suburb of Alexandria, Egypt.
Bala	Bálá	upper, up, above, better quality or prestigious. Where there are two nearby villages, it can be used to indicate one is above the other or is of a better quality. See ‘ulyá, and contrast with pá’in and suflá (asfal) (used for lower parts of villages)
Bala, Balih (Bale)	Balá (Pers. Balih)	yes, yes indeed, certainly, surely
Bala-Khanih	Bálá-Khánih	Balcony
Bala-Khiyaban	Bálá-Khíyábán	a neighbourhood (36.293903, 59.612958) in Mashhad
Bala-Rastaq	Bálá-Rastáq	a village in Írán
Bala-Sari, Balasari, Balasariyun	Bálá-Sarí, Bálásarí, pl. Bálásaríyún	Pers. “above the head”. A term used by Shaykhis (Shaykhí followers) to distinguish ordinary (later only those hostile to the Shaykhis) Shi’ites (the Bálá-Sarí—those who pray standing at the head of the Imám while facing the Qiblih; i.e. with their backs to the Imám) from members of their own sect—they preferred to call themselves Kashfíya (“those who reveal”) or the Pusht-sarí (“behind the head” [of the Imám]). Persians may use bálásarí-há (balasari-ha).
Bala’	Bala’	to test, to afflict
Bala’	Balá’	trial, tribulation, visitation, affliction, distress, misfortune; scourge, plague; creditable performance, bravery, gallantry, heroic action
Balad, Bilad, Buldan	Balad m. and f., pl. Bilád, Buldán	country; town, city; place, community, village;—(pl. bilád) regions, habitations; provinces, territories; an inhabited country;—(pl. buldán) cities, countries. bilád al-ḥabash, Ethiopia; bilád. aṣ-ṣín, China; bilád al-hind, India.
Balada (Baladeh)	Balada	Pers. the first woman, eve. A village (36.200139, 51.807656) 18 km west of Tákur. The family home of the prime minister, Mírzá Áqá Khán.
Baladu’l-Amin	Baladu’l-Amín	“protected land” or “safe city”, i.e. Makkah
Balagh, Balagha, Balaghat	Balágh, fem. Balágha[h], pl. Balághát	communication, information, message, report; announcement, proclamation; communiqué; statement; notification (of the police). Balágha eloquence; art, of good style, art of composition; literature.
Balah (Balih, Baleh), Bali (Bale)	Balah (Balí)	Pers. yes
Balal	Balál	Pers. moisture, humidity, freshness (of youth or young plants); water
Balat, Balata, Ablita	Baláṭ, fem. Baláṭa, pl. Abliṭa(h)	pavement, tiled floor; floor tiles; palace;—pl. floor tiles. Tall Baláṭa (Nablus, West Bank) is believed to be the site of Sychar (or Shechem).
Balinus	Bálinus	Apollonius was also known as Bálinus
Balkh	Balkh	city (formerly Bámí; 36.758235, 66.898352) and province in Afghánistán. The city is in what was Ancient or Greater Khurásán, a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau between Western and Central Asia.
Ballur, Billaur, Bulur	Ballúr, Billaur, Bulúr	Pers. crystal; beryl
Baluch	Balúch	Iranian tribe who live mainly in the Balochistan region of the southeastern-most edge of the Iranian plateau in Pákistán, Írán, and Afghánistán.
Baluchistan	Balúchistán	SW province of Pakistan
Baluz, Baluza, Baluzat	Balúz, Balúza, pl. Balúzát	blouse
Balyuz	Bályúz	said to derive through Turkish (from Balius, Baylus (بالیوز, “balyoz”) and Baliuz) from Venetian Italian balio (or bailo, meaning governor, later ambassador), which is derived from Latin (bájulus, pl. bájulí: porter, carrier; manager, steward, bailiff; administrator)
Balyuzi	Bályúzí	Ḥasan Muwaqqar Bályúzí (1908–1980).
Bamdad, Bamdadan	Bámdád, Bámdádán	Pers. early morning
Bana, Bayan	Bána (Bayán)	to be or become plain, evident, come out,come to light; to be clear (to someone)
Banadak Sadat	Banádak Sádát	village (31.574338, 54.206706) 40 km south Yazd
Banan	Banán	finger tips
Banani	Banání	Hand of the Cause Músá Banání, and wife Samíḥih
Band Amir (Band-e Amir)	Band Amír	“The ruler’s dam”. National Park in Afghánistán (34.840170, 67.234339) consisting of six intensely blue lakes created by natural travertine dams high in the Hindu Kush. “Bendemir” in Thomas Moore’s “Lalla Rookh”, see Lála-Rukn.
Banda (Bandih), Bandagan	Banda, pl. Bandagán	Pers. bondsman, servant, slave
Banda Astanash	Banda Ástánash	“the servant of His Threshold”. Shoghi Effendi’s well-known signature on his correspondence with the East was Bandih ástánash, Shoghi [the servant of His Threshold, Shoghi].
Bandar-i-‘Abbas, Bandar ‘Abbas	Bandar-i-‘Abbás, Bandar ‘Abbás	Pers. a port city and capital of Hurmúzgán Province on the southern Persian Gulf coast of Írán
Bandar-i-Gaz	Bandar-i-Gaz (Bandar-i-Jaz)	Pers. port city (36.775484, 53.949476) in Golestan Province, on the Caspian Sea (SE corner). It is the “port of Gaz”, a village (36.738585, 53.972901) 4 km to the SSE.
Bandar, Banadir	Bandar, pl. Banádir	seaport; commercial centre; district capital (Egyptian)
Bandiy-i-Bab-i-Baha	Bandiy-i-Báb-i-Bahá	Pers. bondsman at the door of Bahá (Bahá’u’lláh). A designation used by Mishkín-Qalam. See banda
Bandiy-i-Khuda	Bandiy-i-Khudá	bondsman or slave of God. See banda
Bani-Hashim	Baní-Háshim	The sons or children of Háshim, great-grandfather of Muḥammad. That is, the people deriving from the quasi-mythical Shem (Sám), son of Noah.
Bank	Bánk	Pers. bank (money). Bánk Millí Írán (BMI; the “National Bank of Iran”)
Banna	Banná’ (Banná)	Pers. a builder, mason, architect
Banu	Bánú	Pers. a princess; a lady; a bride; a flagon of wine; a goblet of rose-water
Banu an-Nadir, Banu’n-Nadir	Banú an-Naḍír or Banú’n-Naḍír	(Pers. Banú Naḍír) were a Jewish Arab tribe who lived in northern Arabia until the 7th century at the oasis of Medina. The tribe challenged Muḥammad’s leadership of Medina, planned along with allied nomads to attack Muḥammad and were expelled from Medina as a result. The Banú an-Naḍír then planned the battle of the Trench (Ghazwat al-Khandaq) together with the Quraysh. They later participated in the battle of Khaybar.
Baqa’	Baqá’	remaining, staying, lingering, abiding; continuation, continuance, duration; survival, continuation of existence after life; immortality, eternal life; existence; permanence. See Faná’
Banu Tamim	Banú Tamím	Arabian tribe. Tamím ibn Murr, the ancestor of the tribe, is a direct descendant of Abraham. Hence this large tribe is considered to be an Ishmaelite tribe.
Banu Umayya	Banú Umayya	was a clan in the Quraysh tribe named after ‘Abd Shams ibn ‘Abd Manáf’s adopted son Umayya ibn ‘Abd Shams.
Baqar	Baqar	cattle
Baqara, Baqarat	Baqara, pl. Baqarát	cow
Baqi	Báqí	remaining, left; alive; permanent, durable, fixed, firm; immortal, everlasting, eternal; one of the names of God; remainder, rest; balance, arrears; (adverb) for the rest; upon the whole
Baqi’	Baqí‘	a place in which there are a number of trees; Jannat al-Baqí‘ or Baqí‘u’l-Gharqad (because it formerly abounded large boxthorn trees), the cemetery of Medina (demolished in the 19th and 20th centuries). It was the resting place of many of Muḥammad’s relatives and companions. It is SE of the Prophet’s Mosque containing the tomb of Muḥammad.
Baqila’	Báqilá’	a bean (Faba sativa)
Baqillani	Báqillání	(Ar. influence) a vendor of beans; nickname of a celebrated scholar. Abú Bakr Muḥammad ibn aṭ-Ṭayyib al-Báqillání (c. 940–1013), I‘jáz al-Qur’án (The Inimitability of the Qur’án). See Báqilá’
Baqir	Báqir	(“One who expands or breaks”) Title of the fifth Shí‘a Imám and an Ethiopian slave who was one of the very early converts to Islám.
Baqir-Abad, Baqirabad (Baghirabad)	Báqirábád	now Báqirshahr (35.532500, 51.402500) a city in Rayy County, Teheran Province. 18 km south of Ṭihrán. Baqer Abad caravanserai (34.930381, 50.823423) on Teheran-Qom Old Rd.
Baqir-i-Bastami	Báqir-i-Basṭámí
Baqir-i-Kafsh-Duz	Báqir-i-Kafsh-Dúz
Baqir-i-Kandi	Báqir-i-Kandí
Baqir-i-Kashani	Báqir-i-Káshání
Baqir-i-Qa’ini	Báqir-i-Qá’iní
Baqir-i-Rashti	Báqir-i-Rashtí
Baqir-i-Sabbagh	Báqir-i-Ṣabbágh
Baqir-i-Shiraz	Báqir-i-Shíráz
Baqir-i-Tabrizi	Báqir-i-Tabrízí
Baqiri	Báqirí	descendant of Imám Muḥammad al-Báqir
Baqiriya (Bakiriya)	Báqiríya	followers of the fifth Imám
Baqíya as-Sayf	Baqíya as-Sayf	“remnant of the sword”, a title given to the survivors of the Shaykh Ṭabarsí upheaval.
Baqiya, Baqaya	Baqíya(h or t), pl. Baqáyá	remainder, rest; remnant, residue
Baqiya, Baqiyat	Báqiya(h or t), pl. Báqiyát	remaining; remainders;—pl. remainders, balances, arrears
Baqiyatu’llah, Baqiyyatu’llah	Baqíyatu’lláh (Pers. Baqiyyatu’lláh)	“Remnant of God”. Abjad 183. A title of the Twelfth Imám that is also applied to the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh.
Baqlava	Báqlavá	a sweetmeat
Baqqal (Bakkal), Baqqalun, Baqqala	Baqqál, pl. Baqqálún, Baqqála	greengrocer; grocer
Baqshish	Baqshísh, pl. Baqáshísh	present of money; tip, gratuity, baksheesh
Bar	Bar	Pers. (preposition) on, upon, onto
Bara’, Bara’a, Bara’at	Bará’, fem. Bará’a, pl. Bará’át	free, exempt (from); fem. being free; disavowal, withdrawal, repudiation; innocence, guiltlessness; naiveté, guilelessness, artlessness;—pl. license, diploma, patent. See Bismi’lláhi’r-Raḥmáni’r-Raḥím for Súra 9:1.
Barafrukhta (Bar-afrokhta)	Barafrúkhta(h)	Pers. inflamed, fired, lit up. Dr Ali Mohammed Barafroukhteh, the only member of the 1960 French NSA to reject Mason Remey’s claims. Three others later repented and asked for forgiveness.
Barak	Barak	Pers. a firm and durable woven cloth used for coats, overcoats, shawls (in Afghánistán) and leggings. Good quality barak is made from mohair, inferior quality from camel hair.
Baraka, Barakat	Baraka(t), pl. Barakát	blessing, benediction; abundance, prosperity
Baraka’llahu Fikum	Báraka’lláhu Fíkum	“May God bless you”
Barakatu’llah	Barakatu’lláh	“God bless you”
Baramaki, Baramika	Barmakí, pl. Barámika(t)	a hero, a noble, liberal man; of the Persian family of Barmacides (highly celebrated all over the East for their generosity, magnificence, and distinguished patronage of men of genius) founded by Khalid ibn Barmak (705–782). When Balkh, the native town of Barmakids fell to the Arabs, Khalid ibn Barmak and his brothers moved to the garrison town of Baṣra in ‘Iráq, where they converted to Islám. Their ancestor was a Pramukh (pronounced in Arabic as Barmak), a title borne by the high priest in the Buddhist temple of Nawbahár (naw + bahár, new monastery).
Baraqan (Baraghan), Savojbolagh	Baraqán	village, in Sávajbulágh county, 14 km north of Karaj and 52 km WNW of Ṭihrán
Baraqani (Baraghani)	Baraqání	from Baraqán (Baraghán). Fáṭima Zarrín Táj Baraqání (Ṭáhirih).
Barazat	Barázát	Temptation
Barfurush	Bárfurúsh	a town in Mázindarán, now known as Bábul (Babol)
Bari’	Bári‘	skilled, skilful, proficient, capable, efficient; brilliant, outstanding (work of art)
Bari’	Bári’	the creator, God, the Deity. Hence, al-Bári’
Barid	Baríd	Pers. a fast or light breed of horse; courier’s horse; hunter; courier, messenger, running footman; a measure of two parasangs or twelve miles
Barik	Bárik	Pers. thin, slender, minute
Baris, Paris	Bárís, Pers. Párís	Paris
Barmakiyan, Baramika	Barmakíyán, Ar. Barámika(h)	Pers. the Barmakids (Ar. al-Barámikah), also spelled Barmecides, were an influential Iranian family from Balkh where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahár monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdád.
Barq, Buruq	Barq, pl. Burúq	lightning; flash of lightning; telegraph
Barqi (Barki)	Barqí (Barkí)	pertaining or relating to lightning; electric; telegraphic, telegraph- (in compounds). Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Khálid bin ‘Abd al-Raḥmán al-Barqí (b. ~200/815-816—d. 274/887–888 or 280/893–894) was a renowned Twelver Shí‘a muḥaddith (ḥadíth scholar) and historian of 3rd/9th century.
Barr	Barr	land (as opposed to sea), terra firma, mainland; open country
Barr, Abrar, Barara	Barr and Bárr, pl. Abrár and Barara	reverent, dutiful (+ preposition bi—toward), devoted (+ preposition bi—to); pious, godly, upright, righteous; kind
Bartalla (Bartella, “Baratallih”)	Barṭalla[h or t]	to bribe. A town (36.351768, 43.379366) 21 km east of Mosul, ‘Iráq.
Barzakh, Barazikh	Barzakh, pl. Barázikh	interval, gap, break, partition, bar, obstruction; isthmus. An interworld, boundary between the mundane and celestial realms. Example: between this life and the next, between Heaven and Hell, the period between two manifestations etc.
Bas	Bas	Pers. a great number, many, more; very much, greatly; enough, sufficient; often; yes, indeed, certainly, it is so, very true, surely, undoubtedly, unquestionably
Basar (“Bassar”), Absar	Baṣar, pl. Abṣár	vision, eye-sight; glance, look; insight; sight, discernment, perception. Name (“Baṣṣár”) given by Bahá’u’lláh to blind poet Mírzá Baqir Bihishtí
Bash	Básh	Ar. senior, chief (in compounds). Pers. (imperative of búdan) be, stay, remain, wait, be still.
Basha, Bashawat, Pasha	Báshá, (Pers. Páshá), pl. Báshawát	Ar. being, existing; English a basha or pasha (corruptions of bádsháh (a king), pádsháh, pádisháh, etc.); governor of a province, counsellor of state, great lord (or boy, prince); also sometimes the grand vazir. Former honorary title given to Turkish officers of high rank. bin-bashí (Turkish binbaşı) rank of major (1,000 men). Pers. pl. Pásháhá. Turkish paşa, pl. paşalar.
Buratha (Baratha)	Buráthá	Buratha Mosque (Jámi‘ Buráthá or Majid Shaykh Junayd; 33.351195, 44.361215) is between central Baghdád and Kaẓímayn (now a suburb of Baghdád)
Bashar	Bashar	man, human being; men, mankind; mortals, the human race
Bashi	Báshí	(in compounds) chief, head or commander of
Bashir wa Nadhir	Bashír wa Nadhír	Bahá’u’lláh appeared as the “Announcer and Warner”, cf. Qur’án 35:22.
Bashir-i-Ilahi	Bashír-i-Iláhí	Announcer of God
Bashir, Bushara’	Bashír, pl. Bushará’	bringer of glad tidings (announcer), messenger, herald, harbinger, forerunner, precursor; evangelist (Christian)
Bashiri	Bashírí
Bashnih (Beshneh)	Bashnih	a village (29.362013, 54.834977) 53 km ENE of Nayríz; a town (28.793284, 55.036605) 85 km SE Nayríz. Both are in Fárs Province.
Basir	Baṣír	(most insightful, discerning, endowed with insight, seeing) Adjective, superlative form of Baṣár (sight).
Basir-i-Hindi	Baṣír-i-Hindí	Siyyid Baṣír-i-Hindí, the blind Indian Bábí
Basira	Baṣíra, pl. Baṣá’ir	(keen) insight, penetration, discernment, understanding, (power of) mental perception, mental vision
Basit	Básiṭ	Pers. one who spreads abroad or stretches out; a name of God, who dispenses riches to whom he will; distant from water (pasture). “open”
Basit	Basíṭ, pl. Busaṭá’	simple; plain, uncomplicated; slight, little, modest, inconsiderable, trivial, trifling;—pl. simple souls, ingenuous people
Basita	al-Basíṭa[h or t]	the earth, the world
Bazargan (Bayazid)	Bázargán	Pers. a merchant, a trader. An Iranian (since 1913) border city (39.391611, 44.387709) about a 20 km walk from Máh-Kú Qal‘a. An area marked as the village of “Bayazid” on old maps—the “Báyazíd” in DB p. 244? See Báyazíd.
Basmala	Basmala, pl. Basmalát	“word” meaning to utter the invocation bismi’lláh ar-raḥmání ar-raḥímí “In the name of God, the Benificent, the Merciful”. The “word” is derived from “in the name of” and is the act of uttering the above invocation.
Basra (Basrih)	Baṣra[h or t] (Pers. Bahá’í Baṣrih)	a single pimple or pustule. Baṣrah “port” in southern ‘Iráq (untranscripted variations: The new al-Fáw Grand Harbour (Míná’ al-Fáw al-Kabír), about 100 km SE of Basrah, on the Persian Gulf is under construction. Basra, Bosrah, Basorah, Balsora)
Basri, Basriyun	Baṣrí, pl. Baṣriyún	native of al-Baṣrah. Baṣriyún (English Basran, school of) grammarians. See Kúfí
Bast	Basṭ	Pers. (verbal noun), Stretching out (the hand); distension; diffusiveness; being wide enough for; preferring, exalting
Bast	Bast	Pers. be bound or connected; a lover, a sweetheart, one in whom the heart is bound up; a turban, wreath for the head; a knot; a hundred; a sanctuary, asylum; a bank, a rampart; a mountain; distribution of water into canals, ditches, or drains
Bastam, Bistam, Bustam	Basṭám, Bisṭám or Busṭám	city in and capital of the Basṭám District of Sháhrúd County, Semnan Province, Írán. 8 km north of Sháhrúd. Home of Mullá ‘Alí, the fourth Letter of Living.
Bastami, Bistami	Basṭámí, Bisṭámí	from or of Basṭám. Abú Yazíd Ṭayfúr bin ‘Ísá bin Surúshán al-Bisṭámí (804–874), commonly known in the Iranian world as Báyazíd Bisṭámí, was a Persian Ṣúfí. Known to later Sufis as Sulṭán al-‘Árifín (“the king among those who have Knowledge (of God)”, metaphorically, “the first among the Wise”; or “King of the Gnostics”). Shrine is in central Basṭám.
Bastan	Bástán	Pers. ancient, preceding, old; the past; the world, fortune; solitary
Batara (Batr)	Batara (Batr)	to cut off, sever (something); to amputate (something); to mutilate, render fragmentarily (a text) Form VII to be cut off, be severed, be amputated
Batha’, Bitah, Bathawat	Baṭḥá’, pl. Biṭáḥ, Baṭḥawát	basin-shaped valley; plain, level land, flatland, open country. Baṭḥá’ Quraysh is a southern neighbourhood of Mecca. See Makkah.
Batil, Abatil	Báṭil, pl. Abáṭíl	nugatory (of no value or importance), vain, futile; false, untrue; absurd, groundless, baseless; worthless; invalid, null, void; deception, lie, falsehood;—pl. vanities, trivialities, trifles, flimflam, idle talk, prattle
Batin, Bawatin	Báṭin, pl. Bawáṭin	inner, interior, inward, inmost, intrinsic; hidden (concealed), secret. Derived from baṭn. See opposite ẓáhir. báṭin al-báṭin—inner inward meaning.
Batini	Báṭiní	internal
Batn, Butun, Abutun	Baṭn, pl. Buṭún, Abṭun	belly, stomach, abdomen; womb; interior, inside, inner portion; depth
Batt (Butt)	Batt	settlement, decision
Battah	Baṭṭáh	village on coast of Libya, 115 km east of Bengazi
Battani	Battání	Battán is thought to be a street or a part of Ḥarrán. Abú ‘Abdu’lláh Muḥammad ibn Jábir ibn Sinán ar-Raqqí al-Ḥarrání aṣ-Ṣábi’ al-Battání (Latinized as Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius) (c. 858–929) was an Arab astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. He is perhaps the greatest and best known astronomer of the medieval Islamic world. He was the author of a set of Astronomical Tables, which in its Latin version provided the groundwork of astronomy in Europe for several centuries.
Battuta, Batuta	Baṭṭúṭa[h]	Muḥammad ibn Baṭṭúṭa or Ibn Baṭúṭah; 1304–1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan scholar who widely travelled the medieval world.
Batul	Batúl	virgin
Batuli	Batúlí	virginal
Batum	Báṭúm	now Batumi, Black Sea port city, Georgia
Bawanat (Bavanat)	Bawánát	Bawánát-i-Fárs, county (whose boundary has changed a number of times) in Fars Province. County capital city of Súriyán (Surian) renamed (2001) Bavánát (30.489738, 53.593380).
Bawil, Bavil	Báwíl, Bávíl	village 23 km SW of Tabríz. It consists of Bávíl ‘Ulyá or Bávíl Bálá (Upper Bavil), and Bávíl Suflá or Bávíl Pá’ín (Lower Bavil). See Mílán and Uskú
Bawwab, Bawwaba, Bawwabun	Bawwáb, pl. Bawwábún	a porter, warder, doorkeeper, gatekeeper. Feminine bawwába[h or t], pl. bawwábát: (large) gate, portal. As the Shí‘a Muslims were awaiting the return of the “Hidden Imám”, the Báb’s initial use of the title reflected the gate-hood” (al-bawwába), figurative, of the four consecutive “báb”s (gates or portals) through whom the Hidden Imám communicated with the faithful before going into his “Greater Occultation”. “Babhood” should be replaced by Gate-hood or Door-ship] (-hood or -ship—state of being, quality or condition).
Bay, Baya, Bayat	Báy, f. Báya, pl. Báyát	formerly, in Tunisia, a title after the names of the members of the Bey’s family. See Beg
Bay’a (Bai’a)	Bay‘a(h or t)	agreement, arrangement; business deal, commercial transaction, bargain; sale; purchase; homage; inauguration, salutation, or acknowledging the authority of a great man; swearing allegiance; homage, fealty. Bay‘ah originally referred to the striking together of hands between buyer and seller to mark an agreement. Bay‘at is sometimes taken under a written pact given on behalf of the subjects by leading members of the tribe with the understanding that as long as the leader abides by certain requirements towards his people, they are to maintain their allegiance to him. The Pledge of the Tree (bayʻat ash-shajarah), Pledge of Satisfaction or of Riḍwán (bayʻat ar-riḍwán) was a pledge that was sworn to Muḥammad by his Ṣaḥába (companions) prior to the Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah (AH 6/ CE 628). The pledge, sworn under a tree, was to avenge the rumoured death of ‘Uthmán ibn ‘Affán.
Bayad, Bayadat	Bayáḍ, Bayáḍát	white, whiteness: whitewash;—pl. barren, desolate, uncultivated land, wasteland; gap, blank space (in a manuscript); blank; leucoma (medicine); linen
Bayan-i-‘Arabi, Arabic Bayan	Bayán-i-‘Arabí	“Arabic Bayán” by the Báb completed after the Bayán-i-Fársí
Bayan-i-Farsi, Persian Bayan	Bayán-i-Fársí	“Persian Bayán” (Mother Book of the Bábí Revelation) by the Báb
Bayan, Bayanat	Bayán, pl. Bayánát	clearness (particularly of the meaning of revelation), plainness, patency, obviousness; statement, declaration, announcement; manifestation; explanation, elucidation, illustration; information, news; (official) report, (official) statement; enumeration, index, list; eloquence. Also exposition or utterance. Title given by the Báb to His Revelation, and, in particular, to His Books. Muslims are puzzled by the chronology given in Qur’án 55:2–4. “Bayán (exposition) [“speech”, 55:4] signifies the Revelation of the Báb, which unveils the hidden truth of the Qur’án. ‘Man’ [55:3] signifies the ‘Perfect Human Being’—the Manifestation of the Names and attributes of God ....” Gate of the heart, p. 262. al-Bayán (نايبل or “ن ا ي ب ل ا”) has an abjad value of 94 (“al” (value 31) consists of an unstressed Alif and Lám). Compare lilláh
Bayani, Bayaniya (Bayanis)	Bayání, fem. Bayáníya	(pl. bayáníyún, fem. bayáníyát) explanatory, illustrative; rhetorical. A follower of the Báb, but not Bahá’u’lláh. Some also followed Mírzá Yaḥyá (Ṣubḥi-i-Azal).
Bayat	Bayát	Ar. passing the night; doing anything in the night; a nocturnal invasion; place name, name of a tribe. Pers. grief, anxiety, care.
Bayazid, Bayizid	Báyazíd, Báyizíd	Pers. (Turkish beyazıt) Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt (Yıldırım Beyazıt; c. 1360–1403), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. Born in Bursa (first capital of the Ottoman Empire), moved court to Edirne in 1393 (second capital), captured by Timur in 1402 in Ankara. See Íldirím. Doğubeyazıt (East Beyazıt, 39.547069, 44.069424), Türkiye, 47 km NW Máh-Kú Qal‘a. Hence, unlikely to be the “Báyazíd” in DB p. 244. See Bázargán.
Bayda (Baida, Baiza), Baydun, Baydat	Bayḍa(h), pl. Bayḍún, Bayḍát	egg; helmet; main part, substance, essence. Pers. also Baiẓa. ‘Abdu’l-Ghaní Bayḍún owned 14.5 ha of land adjacent to Bahjí, but he and his family fled in 1948 and the land reverted to the state. The land was swapped in 1952 for the land purchased by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá for Dhikru’lláh SE of the Sea of Galilee, near the Jordan River.
Baydi (Baidi, Baizi), Baydawi	Bayḍí, Bayḍawí and Bayḍáwí	egg-shaped, oviform, oval, ovate. “bayḍ” is often written as “baiḍ”, “beyd”, “bayz”, “beyz” and “baiz”.
Baydun	Bayḍún	white (a pl. form of abyaḍ). ‘Abdu’lláh Páshá built a palace south of Bahjí (now part of the Atidot Research Institute) that was purchased by ‘Abdu’l-Ghání Bayḍún, he was from a prominent Muslim family of ‘Akká, who were always antagonistic to the Bahá’í Faith.
Bayg (Bag, Big), Bayk	Bayg, Bayk	Pers. town (35.374245, 59.038781) in Razavi Khorasan Province. Áqá Bálá Bayg from Shíshaván was the Naqqásh-Báshí, chief artist in the court of the crown prince. He made the only portrait of the Báb.
Bayhaq (Baihaq)	Bayhaq	See Sabzivár. Abú Bakr Aḥmad ibn Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alí ibn Músá al-Khusrawjirdí al-Bayhaqí, also known as Imám al-Bayhaqí was born 994 in Khusrawjird, near Bayhaq. During his lifetime, he became a famous Sunní ḥadíth expert, following the Sháfi‘í school in fiqh and the Ash‘arí school of Islamic Theology.
Bayigani	Báyigání	Pers. Siyyid Muḥammad-i-Báyigání
Bayn (Bain)	Bayn	separation, division; interval; difference
Bayram (Bairam)	Bayrám	Turkish festival. Due to past influence of Ottoman Turkish, many Muslims have adopted the use of the word Bayrám, using the term “Lesser Bayrám” to refer to their own Eid al-Fitr (‘Íd al-Fiṭr) celebrations; “Greater Bayrám” refers to Eid al Adha (‘Íd al-Aḍḥá) (see Aḍḥan).
Bayrut (Bairut)	Bayrút	Beirut (capital of Lebanon). See Lawḥ-i-Arḍ-i-Bá.
Bayt (Bait), Buyut, Buyutat, Abyat	Bayt, pl. Buyút, Buyútát	house, building, temple, edifice; fabric, tent (of nomads); room; apartment, flat; (garden) bed; family; case, box, covering, sheath; verse, couplet;—pl. large, respectable houses; respectable families;—(pl. abyát) verses, couplets. Baytu’l-Ḥarám (Baytu’d-Du‘á, Baytu’l-‘Atíq, Baytu’llah) = The temple of Mecca.
Bayt al-Maqdis	Bayt al-Maqdis	the Holy Land
Bayt-i-A’zam	Bayt-i-A‘ẓam	“The Most Great House” (House of Bahá’u’lláh in the Kakh quarter of Baghdád,occupied by the family shortly before Bahá’u’lláh returned from Kurdistán) See Madad, house of.
Baytu’l-Funduq (Bayt-i-Fanduq)	Baytu’l-Funduq (Bayt-i-Funduq)	“hotel house”. A house in the German Templar colony, Haifa, where Bahá’u’lláh stayed, 1883.
Bayt-i-Zahlan	Bayt-i-Zahlan	German zählen (“to count”)?, hence “Counting house”
Baytu’l-‘Adl	Baytu’l-‘Adl	Pers. House of Justice
Baytu’l-‘Adl-i-A’zam	Baytu’l-‘Adl-i-A‘ẓam	Pers. Universal House of Justice. See Universal House of Justice listing.
Baytu’l-Hazan	Baytu’l-Ḥazan	house of sadness
Baytu’l-Ma’mur	Baytu’l-Ma‘múr	Frequented Fane. In Islám, the Ka‘bah or its archetype in heaven.
Baytu’l-Mahdi (Beitol Mahdi)	Baytu’l-Mahdí	Masjid Baytu’l-Mahdí (29.612247, 52.540839) built on the site of the House of the Báb in Shíráz, It is across the main street from the huge Masjid Naw (29.610966, 52.541609).
Baytu’l-Maqdis	Baytu’l-Maqdis	al-Aqṣá Mosque, Jerusalem
Baytu’l-Muqaddas	Baytu’l-Muqaddas	“The House of Holiness”—name given to Jerusalem
Baytu’llah	Baytu’lláh	the House of God—the Ka‘bah in Mecca
Bayyina (Bayyinah), Bayyinat	Bayyina (Bayyinah), pl. Bayyinát	clear proof, indisputable evidence; evidence (Islamic Law); a document serving as evidence
Baz-Av-u-Bidih-Jami	Báz-Áv-u-Bidih-Jámí	“Return and grant a chalice” by Bahá’u’lláh
Bazar, Bazarat	Bázár, pl. Bázárát	bazaar, permanent, enclosed oriental market (Pers. origin, and Middle Persian wázár)
Bazari	Bázárí	merchant or craftsman of the bazzaar
Bazzaz	Bazzáz	draper, cloth merchant; the mercer
Bedikian	Bedikian	Armenian. “Auntie” Victoria Schnabel (1879–1955) married Díkrán (Տիգրան, tigran (pronounced díkrán) “fighting with arrows”) Mardiros (Մարտիրոս, “martyr”) Bedikian (Պետիկյան, petikyan, pronounced bítíkyán) (1866–1945), in 1901.
Beg (Big, Bag), Bey, Begum, Beygum	Beg (Big), fem. Begum	Turkish from old Turkic Bey (gentleman, chieftain, lord, prince). Variations used: Bayk (Persian), “Beik”, “Beyk”, “Beyg”, “Baig”, etc. Title for a chieftain, and an honourific, traditionally applied to leaders or rulers. A title placed after the names of servants and petty officials. Today, a social title for men, similar to the English “sir” and “mister”. See Báy.
Ben Gurion	Sderot Ben Gurion	Ben Gurion Ave passes through the German Colony from Haifa Harbour up to the base of the Bahá’í terraces. As part of the restoration of the German Templer Colony 2003 and onwards, the Haifa municipality moved the upper end of Ben Gurion Avenue 1.86 m to bring it into alignment with the terraces’ central stairs.
Bethulia, Bethulie	Bethulia, Bethulie	Bethulia is a Biblical city (location uncertain), situated on a mountain overlooking the plain of Jezrael, whose deliverance by Judith, when besieged by Holofernes, forms the subject of the Book of Judith. Hebrew בתוליה (a virgin). Similar to Ar. Batúlí (virginal).
bi	bi	(prep.) in, at, on (place and time); with (indicating connection, association, attendance); with, through, by means of (designating instrumentality or agency, also with pass. = by); for (= at the price of); by (= to the amount of); by (introducing an oath)
bi	bí	Pers. be (a privative particle or preposition), without; when prefixed to nouns, implying wanting, or being destitute
bi-Chara, bi-Charawar	bí-Chára, bí-Chárawár	Pers. without remedy; remediless; hopeless; helpless, destitute, desperate, miserable, reduced to the last extremity, or even “poor”.
bi-Farmayid (Bifarmayid)	bi-Farmáyíd	Pers. “here you are”, please come and eat, please come and sit, ..., etc.
bi-Qamis al-Babiyya	bi-Qamíṣ al-Bábiyya	garment of Gatehood
bi-Qamis al-Wilaya	bi-Qamíṣ al-Wiláya	garment of Sanctity
bi’l-Haqq	bi’l-Ḥaqq	of a truth
bi’l-Quwa	bi’l-Qúwa(t)	with power, powerfully, vigorously
bi’llah	bi’lláh	“by God!”, “with God” or “through God”
Bi’r (Ber), Abar, Bi’ar	Bi’r fem., pl. Ábár, Bi’ár	well, spring
bi’t-Tasrih	bi’t-Taṣríḥ	Pers. in detail; expressly, distinctly, explicitly
Biba (Beba, “Babba”)	Bibá	city (28.922043, 30.980567) in Bibá district, Muḥáfẓat Baní Sawíf (Beni Suef Governorate), 130 km SSW of Cairo, Egypt. See Kawm as-Sa’aydah
Bibi	Bíbí	Pers. a lady, a matron; wife, mistress of the house
Bibi-Dukhtaran	Bíbí-Dukhtarán	Shrine of Bíbí Dukhtarán in Shíráz (29.613000, 52.538959) where the Báb’s son, Aḥmad, is buried
Bibinid (Bebeeneed)	Bibíníd ببینید	Pers. look and see; behold. A favourite word of Shoghi Effendi and Zikrullah Khadem.
Bid’, Bid’a, Abda’, Bida’	Bid‘, fem. Bid‘a[h or t]	(pl. Abdá‘, fem. Bida‘) innovator; new, original; unprecedented, novel;—fem. innovation. novelty; heretical doctrine, heresy;—fem. pl. creations (of fashion, of art). ahl al-bida‘ heretics.
Bidil	Bídil	Pers. heartless, dispirited, out of heart; pusillanimous; love-sick; ignorant; melancholy, dejected, sad, stupid.
Bidil, Abdu’l-Qadir	Bídil, Abdu’l-Qádir	Mawláná Abu’l-Ma‘ání Mírzá ‘Abdu’l-Qádir Bídil (1642–1720), a famous representative of Dari poetry and Sufism in Afghánistán. He is considered the most difficult and challenging poet of Safavid-Mughal poetry. The pairing of Bídil’s patronymic, Abu’l-Ma‘ání, “The Father of Meanings”, with his devastating nom de plume, Bídil, “The Heartless”, illustrates perfectly the conceptual coupling of Love and Meaning in the sensibilities of the literary self-expression of his audiences.
Bidpay (Pilpay)	Bídpáy (Pílpáy)	friendship; a famous Indian philosopher and author of the celebrated collection of fables about animals (in reality moral stories about kings, ministers, etc.). Better known by the Arabic version Kalílah wa Dimnah (after the names of two jackals), and the Persian version Anwár-i-Suhaylí (Lights of Canopus)—both derived from the Sanskrit Panchatantra (of Bídpáy) and Hitopadesa stories.
Bigliyirbigi	Biglíyirbigí	Beylerbey or Beylerbeyi (Ottoman Turkish: “Bey of Beys”, meaning “the Commander of Commanders” or “the Lord of Lords”). Initially designating a commander-in-chief, it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage it designated the governors-general of some of the largest and most important provinces. Equivalents in Arabic were ámir al-umará, and in Persian, mír-i mírán.
Bih	Bih	Pers. good, excellent; elegant; better; safe, sound
Biharu’l-Anwar (Bihar al-Anwar)	Biḥáru’l-Anwár (Biḥár al-Anwár)	Seas of Lights”. A 26 vol. compilation of Shí‘í traditions (aḥádíth) compiled by Shí‘a scholar Muḥammad-Báqir Majlisí. The full title: Biḥár al-‘Anwár al-Jámi‘ah li-Durar ‘Akhbár al-‘A’immah al-Aṭhár (“Oceans of lights, an encyclopedia for pearls of traditions of the pure imams”). See Majlisí.
Bihbahan, Behbahan, Behbehan	Bihbahán	Pers. city and capital of Behbahan County, Khuzestan Province, Írán. 100 km east of Bandar Máhshahr.
Bihbahani	Bihbahání	of or from Bihbahán. Áqá Muḥammad Báqir al-Bihbahání (b. 1118/1706–7—d. 1205/1791) known as al-Waḥíd al-Bihbahání, was a twelver Shí‘a scholar in fiqh, uṣúl. He was titled as Waḥíd al-‘Aṣr (The exceptional of the time) by as-Sayyid Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭabáṭabá’í al-Iṣfahání. His son was Sayyid Muḥammad ‘Alí b. Waḥíd Bihbahání (b. 1144/1731–32, d. 1216/1801) known as Áqá Muḥammad ‘Alí Kirmánsháhí. He was an influential Shí‘a jurist, uṣúlí and rijál (biographical evaluation) in twelfth/eighteenth and thirteenth/nineteenth century. His fame was mostly due to his serious broad fight with Sufism at the time of the Qájárs, so that some Sufis called him “Ṣúfí-kush” (Sufi-killer).
Bihi	Bihi	with, for, from, in, or by him, or it
Bihmard	Bihmard	Pers. bih + mard
Bihmardi	Bihmardí	Pers. Faríd Bihmardí. Bih+Mardí
Bihnam	Bihnám	Pers. bih + nám. Bihnám Páshá’í
Bihnaz (Behnaz)	Bihnáz	Pers. fem. name
Bihruz	Bihrúz	Pers. (Behrouz, Behrooz, Behruz Behrus, Bihuroz) Bih+rúz = “good day or lifetime”, success
Bihshahr (Behshahr)	Bihshahr	Pers. city (36.696676, 53.545713) in Mazindaran, 47 km NE Sárí. Formerly named Ashraf and Ashraf al-Bilád.
Bijan, Bizhan	Bíjan or Bízhan	Pers. “hero”. One of the main Iranian heroes in the Sháhnámih
Bika (not Baka)	Bika	A composite comprising the prefix “bi” with the suffix “ka”, which stands for the 2nd person singular masculine pronoun “Thou” or “Thee”. “Bika” can be translated as “upon Thee”, “to Thee”, “on Thee” or “about Thee”, depending on the context. “Baka” in Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas should be Bika.
Biktash, Baktash, Bektashi	Biktáshí, Baktáshí, Bektáshí	Turkish. Dervish order, mainly in Antolia and the Balkans.
Bilad al-Kurd, Kurdistan	Bilád al-Kurd, Pers. Kurdistán	Kurdistan (English) or the land (bilád) of the Kurds (al-Kurd). Greater Kurdistan, a roughly defined geo-cultural historical region wherein the Kurdish people form a prominent majority population and Kurdish culture, languages and national identity have historically been based.
Bilal	Bilál	Bilál ibn Rabáḥ (580–640) also known as Bilál ibn Riyáḥ and Bilál al-Ḥabashí, a freed Ethiopian slave born in Mecca, he was one of the most trusted and loyal companions of Muḥammad, who appointed him as the first muezzin. He was criticized for his pronunciation because a speech defect caused him to mispronounce the letter "shín" as “sín”.
Billahi’l-‘Aliyyi’l-‘Azim	Billáhi’l-‘Alíyyi’l-‘Aẓím	“in God, the Exalted, the Mighty” (bi+Alláh)
Bilqis	Bilqís	queen of “Sheba” in Arabian tradition. She is also known as Queen Makeda in Ethiopian tradition, her capital was in the Azeba district, Tigray Region, Ethiopia (about 13 km SW Adigrat). See Saba’
Bimar	Bímár	Pers. sick, infirm, afflicted; the eye of a mistress
Bimaristan	Bímáristán	hospital; lunatic asylum
Bin	Bin	the son of
Bint	Bint	daughter of
Binyamin	Binyámín	Benjamin
Biradar	Birádar	Pers. brother
Biradar-zadar	Birádar-záda	Pers. brother’s son, nephew
Biraw (Birau)	Biraw	Pers. (“biro”, “buro”, “burro”) go!, get away!, get off!
Birjand	Bírjand	city in eastern Írán
Birjis	al-Birjís	Jupiter (astronomy). Martyr, Dr Sulaymán Birjís, Káshán (1897–1950)
Birkas	Birkás	now Lüleburgaz (“Lule Burgas”), Türkiye. It is 23 km ESE Babaeski and 75 SE Edirne.
Birujird	Birújird	Capital city of the province of Luristán, Mírzá Bururg was governor
Birun	Bírún	Pers. without, out of doors; exterior, extrinsic, foreign; the outside; from, a great way from
Biruni	Bírúní	Pers. outer or men’s quarters. See andarúní
Bisat, Bisatat, Absita, Busut	Bisáṭ, pl. Bisáṭát, Absiṭa[h or t], Busuṭ	(anything spread out such as) carpet, rug; bedding; goods, wares
Bishara, Bisharat, Basha’ir	Bishára(t), pl. Bishárát, Bashá’ir	good news, glad-tidings; annunciation, prophecy; gospel; bashá’ir good omens, propitious signs. Glad-Tidings by Bahá’u’lláh
Bisharat-i-‘Uzma	Bishárát-i-‘Uẓmá	Supreme Glad-tidings
Bishr	Bishr	joy
Bisitun (Bisotun)	Bísítún	city (34.396402, 47.444158) in Kermanshah Province
Bismi’llah	Bismi’lláh	“word” derived from the expression “In the name of God” = bi-ismi-alláh = bi’smi-alláh. Basmala is the act (verb) of saying the recurring Islamic phrase “Bismi’lláhi ar-Raḥmáni ar-Raḥími”—“In the name of God, the Most Compassionate (or Gracious), the Most Merciful”. Bismi’lláh is the first phrase of the first verse of every súra of the Qur’án except the ninth, and is repeated in 27:30, i.e. it occurs 114 times in the Qur’án. The verse/expression consists of 19 letters.
Bismi’llahu’l-Amna’u’l-Aqdas	Bismi’lláhu’l-Amna‘u’l-Aqdas	(“In the Name of God, the Most Unapproachable, the Most Holy”—Báb) (DB 66), the formula substituted by the Báb for the Muslim Bismi’lláhi’r-Raḥmáni’r-Raḥím.
Bismi’llahi’l-Bahiyyi’l-Abha	Bismi’lláhi’l-Bahíyyi’l-Abhá	“In the name of God, the Glorious, the Most Glorious” (used in calligraphic bird design by Mishkín-Qalam—described as a “bird of paradise in the form of the Greatest Holy Name sitting on the tree of Ṭúbá (tree of paradise)”
Bismi’llahi’r-Rahmani’r-Rahim	Bismi’lláhi’r-Raḥmáni’r-Raḥím	or Bismi’lláh ar-Raḥmán ar-Raḥím (there are 19 consonants in بِسْمِ ٱللّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ, and it has an abjad value of 786) “In the Name of God, the Most gracious, the Most Merciful”—it appears at the start of every sura, except Súra 9, and constitutes the first verse of Súra 1 in the traditional order. Súra 9:1 also starts with the letter “B”, the word Bará’at”. It is claimed that ‘Alí said: “All that is in the Qur’án is contained in the first sura, all that is in the first sura is contained in Bismi’lláhi’r-Raḥmáni’r-Raḥím, all that is in Bismi’lláhi’r-Raḥmáni’r-Raḥím is contained in the B of Bismi’lláh, all that is contained in the B of Bismi’lláh is contained in the point which is beneath the B—and I am that Point.”
Bistami	Bisṭámí	native of Basṭám
Bistum	Bistum, Bístum	Pers. the twentieth
Bisutun (Bisotun)	Bísutún	Pers. pillarless. Bísutún city 36 km NE Kirmásháh, at the foot of Mount Bísutún on which there is the huge Bísutún Inscription in 3 cuneiform scripts (crucial to the decipherment of one of the cuneiform scripts)
Bisyar	Bisyár	Pers. many, much; numerous; frequent; copious; very; exceedingly
Bisyar Khub	Bisyár Khúb	Pers. very well, all right, very or most good
Bitra’, Batra’	Bitrá’, Batrá’	from Greek for “rock”. al-Bitrá’ (Petra) is a ruined ancient city of the Edomites and Nabataeans; 185 km SSW of Amman in SW Jordan. Original name was Raqmu.
Biya	Biyá	Pers. (imperative of ámadan), come, come hither, approach
Biya inja	Biyá ínjá	Pers. come here
Biyaban, Bayaban	Biyábán, Bayábán	Pers. uncultivated, desert; a desert. A mountain (30.563130, 57.439224; 2,724 m) 47 km NE of Kirmán. A village, Qal‘ah Biyábán (28.526147, 54.872187). The mountain range to the south of Nayríz. It lies between the Nayríz plain and the Biyábán Plain. It is accessed via the “Bísámán” track from the mill on the Farusht Stream.
Biyarjumand (Beyarjomand)	Bíyárjumand	a small village (36.080803, 55.804240) in Semnan Province
Bronlundfjord	Brønlundfjord	(error “Bronlunsfjord”) a former research and radio station on the shore of Jørgen Brønlund Fjord (a northern branch of Independence Fjord) in southern Peary Land, north Greenland. MBW p. 149 (“147”)
Biyaban	Bíyábán	a mountain near Zanján
Brummana (Broummana)	Brummáná	(Beit Roumana, Aramaic name possibly meaning the “house of Rammana, the God of Air, Storm and Thunder") town 13 km east of Beirut, Lebanon
Budan	Búdan	Pers. to be; to become; to exist; existence
Buddha	Búdhá (Ar.)	Buddha Maitreya-Amitábha, the Buddha of the future, the Lord of the Age. Maitrya or Maitreya—”Kindness”; Amitábha—“Infinite light”.
Bughḍ, Bighda and Baghda’	Bughḍ, Bighḍa(h) and Baghḍá’	hatred, hate
Bujnurd (Bojnord)	Bujnúrd	city (37.474359, 57.324294) in North Khurasan province. 242 km NW of Mashhad.
Bukhar, Bukharat, Abkhira	Bukhár, pl. Bukhárát, Abkhira	vapour, fume; steam
Bukhara	Bukhárá	city in Uzbekistan
Bukharan	Bukhárán	people of Bukhárá
Bukhari	Bukhárí	steam (adjective), steam-driven. Abú ‘Abd Alláh Muḥammad ibn Ismá‘íl ibn Ibráhím ibn al-Mughírah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju‘fí al-Bukhárí (810–870), Persian Islamic scholar, author of the aṣ Ṣaḥíḥ al-Bukhárí collection of hadiths (aḥádíth).).
Bulbul, Bulbula, Balabil	Bulbul, fem. Bulbula[h or t], pl. Balábil	nightingale
Buli, Bolu	Búlí	Ar. for town (Bolu) 260 km east of Istanbul.
Buluk	Bulúk	Pers. a tract of country that a subject obtains either by gift, purchase, or succession, holding of the sovereign upon feudal tenure; a district (modern colloquialism)
Bulus	Búlus	Arabic form of Paul
Bun	Bun	Pers. root, basis, foundation; the bottom; the stern of a ship; extremity, point, end, tip (of anything); a cluster of dates; the trunk of a tree
Bun (Bon)	Bún	Pers. foundation, root, origin; end, limit
Bunab	Bunáb	Pers. the bottom or depth of water
Bunduq, Banadiq	Bunduq, pl. Banádiq	hazelnut(s), filberts; hazel, hazel tree. Pers. Funduq, Turk. Findík
Buni	Búní	‘Abdu’lláh Búní (SDC 104)
Bunn	Bunn	coffee beans; coffee
Buq’a, Buqa’, Biqa’	Buq‘a, pl. Buqa‘, Biqá‘	spot, blot, smudge, stain; place, site, plot, patch, lot
Buq’atu’l-Hamra	Buq‘atu’l-Ḥamrá’	“Crimson Spot”—a term used in several allegorical and symbolic senses in the Bahá’í Writings, including for the prison-city of ‘Akká. Samaríyyih Hill (32.961469, 35.092595, designated Buq‘atu’l-Ḥamrá’ by Bahá’u’lláh), 2 km north of Bahjí, opposite the kibbutz of Lohamei HaGeta’ot, where red flowers grew in abundance in the time of Bahá’u’lláh.
Buq’atu’l-Khadra’	Buq‘atu’l-Khaḍrá’	“The Verdant Spot”, a former private cemetery near the government “castle”, Yazd. Designated as such by Bahá’u’lláh.
Buqrat	Buqráṭ	Hippocrates, from the Greek Ippokrátis. Hippocrates II of Kos, usually known simply as Hippocrates. The most celebrated physician of ancient Greece and the grandson of Hippocrates I.
Bur	Búr	uncultivated, fallow
Burhan (Borhan), Barahin	Burhán, pl. Baráhín	proof, demonstration
Burhan-i-Lami’	Burhán-i-Lámi’	(Burhane Lame) published as “The Brilliant Proof”
Burhani’d-Din	Burháni’d-Dín	Proof of religion
Burida Gush (Borideh Gosh)	Burída(h) Gush	Pers. crop-eared, i.e. ear cut off. Name applied to ‘Abdu’l-Karím (assisted with the internment of the remains of the Báb)
Burj-i-Azadi (Burj-i-Shahyad)	Burj-i-Ázádí	Pers. “Freedom Tower” since 1979, formerly known as the Burj-i-Shahyád (“Shah’s Memorial Tower”). Designed by the Bahá’í architect Ḥusayn Amánát. Since moving to Canada in 1980, he has designed three administrative buildings on the Baháʼí Arc in Haifa, and the Baháʼí House of Worship in Samoa.
Burj, Buruj, Abraj	Burj, pl. Burúj, Abráj	tower, castle, sign of the zodiac
Burnus, Baranis, Barnus,Burnus	Burnus, pl. Baránis	(also barnús, burnús, pl. baranís) burnoose, hooded cloak; casula, chasuble (of Coptic priests)
Burqa, Burqu’, Baraqi’	Burqu‘, (Pers. also Burqa‘), pl. Baráqi‘	veil (worn by women; long, leaving the eyes exposed)
Burujird	Burújird	Capital city of the province of Luristán, place of the governorship of Mírzá Buzurg
Busayra, Busayrah, Busaira, Bozrah	Buṣayrá (Ar.), Boṣrah (Heb.)	historical site and former capital of Edom. Adjacent to the town of Basira (Bouseira, Busaira), Jordan—about 30 km SE of the “southern end” of the Dead Sea.
Bushihr (Bushehr or Bushire)	Búshihr	also known as Bandar Búshihr, previously Beh Ardasher, Antiochia in Persis and Bukht Ardashir. Iranian city (once the primary port of Írán) and province on the Persian Gulf.
Bushr	Bushr	glad-tidings
Bushru’i	Bushrú’í	(of or from Bushrúyih)
Bushruyih (Boshrouyeh)	Bushrúyih	a town in Khurásán, 55 km NE of Ṭabas and 70 km WSW of Tún. It is the birthplace of Mullá Ḥusayn, first disciple of the Báb.
Busra (Bosra, Bozra, Bozrah)	Buṣrá	officially named Buṣrá ash-Shám, town SW Syria where 12-year old Muḥammad met the monk Baḥírá
Bustan, Basatin	Bustán, pl. Basátín	garden or orchard. Tablets of Abdul-Baha Abbas “Boston”
Bustani	Bustání	gardener; garden (adj.); horticultural
Butrus	Buṭrus	Peter (Petros). See batrá
Buy	Búy	Pers. odour, fragrance, perfume; scent, spice; hope, wish, desire; search, quest; love; nature, disposition; portion, part, lot
Buy-i-Juy-i-Muliyan	Búy-i-Júy-i-Múliyán	Pers. "The fragrance of the Muliyan Brook" poem by Rúdakí
Buya (Boya)	Buya	Pers. hope, desire; fumitory; a Persian dynasty (Buyid) of the Dailamites (Daylamígán) founded by ‘Alí ibn Buya.
Buyuk	Búyúk	Turkic (Büyük), great, big, large, major, grand
Buyuk-Aqa	Búyúk-Áqá
Buyukcekmece (“Buyuk-Chakmachih”)	Büyükçekmece	Turkish “Big drawbridge”, a district and municipality of Istanbul Province (about 30 km west of the city), on the European shore of the Sea of Marmara coast. It is west of Küçükçekmece. Iṣfahání Persian phonetic form is Búyúk-Chakmachih.
Buzurg-Banna	Buzurg-Banná	Ustád Áqá Buzurg-Banná
Buzurg-Mihr	Buzurg-Mihr	Pers. “large sun”. Buzurg-Mihr-i-Búkhtagán was an Iranian sage and dignitary, who served as minister of the Sasanian king Kavad I (r. 498–531), and the latter’s son and successor Khusraw I (r. 531–579). He also served as a military commander under Khusraw I and his successor Hurmúzd IV (r. 579–590). He was regarded as a man of “exceptional wisdom and sage counsels” and later became a characterisation of the expression.
Buzurj, Buzurg	Buzurj, Pers. Buzurg	great, grand. The title given by Fatḥ-‘Alí Sháh to Mírzá ‘Abbás-i-Núrí (better known as Mírzá Buzurg-i-Vazír of Núr, hence also Buzurg-i-Núrí). Bahá’u’lláh was his third child by second wife, Khadíjih Khánum.
Buzurjzada, Buzurgzada	Buzurjzáda, Pers. Buzurgzáda	(Buzurgzadeh) Bozorgadeh Kahn

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Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
C
Caelum, Cælum, Coelo, Cœlo	ex cœlo	Latin. cælum is sky, heaven. Cœlum is a variation of cælum. Hence, ex cœlo is “from the sky” or “from heaven”. Compare with ex cathedra “from the chair”, with the full authority of office. The Catholic pope is said to occupy the “chair of Peter”. Refer to The heart of the Gospel, p. 66.
Chadar, Chadur (Chador)	Chádar, Chádur	Pers. A tent, pavilion; a mantle, scarf; a veil; a sheet; a shroud, winding-sheet; a table-cloth. Shawl or a long, loose cloak worn over other garments by Muslim women.
Chah	Cháh	Pers. a well, pit; a prison, dungeon; a snare
Chah-Qilan	Cháh-Qílán	locality, possibly near Kirmánsháh. Mentioned in DB p. 13.
Chahar (Char, Chihar), Chahar juy	Chahár	Pers. four, a crab. Contraction chár. Chahár júy, the rivers of Paradise; the elements; name of a province in Khurásán.
Chahar Bagh, Charbagh (Chihar Bagh)	Chahár Bágh	Pers. “four gardens”, a Persian, Indo-Persian, and Islamic quadrilateral garden layout based on the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur’án. The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts.
Chahar Sham’ Pish	Chahár Sham’ Písh	“four candles ahead” or the time to burn four candles. A shrine (36.553683, 52.685930) in Babol, a former suburb and the area of the Áq-rúd village where Quddús was born.
Chahar Vadi (Chihar-Vadi)	Chahár Vádí	“Four Valleys” by Bahá’u’lláh. Addressed to Shaykh ‘Abdu’r-Raḥmán-i-Karkútí. See chahár and wádí
Chahardar	Chahárdah	Pers. fourteen
Chahishk	Cháhishk	Pers. village on the NW side of Mashhad
Chal	Chál	Pers. a hole wherein one may stand upright without being buried, pit, cavern, trench
Chaman, Chamman	Chamán (Chammán)	Pers. walking, giving oneself haughty, swinging, or graceful airs in walking; a goblet of wine; a party of friends
Changiz	Changíz	Genghis Khán (c. 1162–1227)
Chapan, Chupan (Chuppan)	Chapán, Chupán	Pers. tattered garments
Chapar	Chápár	Turkish a runner, mounted messenger, courier; post; mail. Persian government post, called in old times, Baríd, where post horses may be hired by private individuals.
Chapar-chi, Chaparchi	Chápár-chí, Chápárchí	Turkish courier
Chaq	Cháq	Pers. time; health; healthy, well; stout, obese
Chardivari	Chárdívárí	private home or four walls
Chashm, Chashmha	Chashm, pl. Chashmhá	Pers. the eye; hope; an amulet or charm (particularly of holy writ) against fascination or enchantment; the individual himself (as ‘ayn in Arabic); anything resembling an eye, as the hole of a sieve, the eye of a needle, the mesh of a net, etc.
Chashma (Cheshmeh, Chashmih)	Chashma (چشمه)	Pers. (also “Chashmih”) a fountain, source, spring; the sun; spectacles; eye of a needle; a vaulted arch
Chashma ‘Ali (Chashmih-‘Ali)	Chashma ‘Alí or Chashmah-i-‘Alí	Pers. “spring of ‘Alí”, “Chashmih-‘Alí”, “Cheshmeh-‘Ali”, “Chishmih-‘Alí”. Name of many locations. A spring (35.607392, 51.444928) 10 km SSE city centre of Ṭihrán. A village (36.278167, 54.083907) near Ástána and NW of Dámghán, all are in Semnan Province.
Chawush	Cháwush	Turkish a sergeant, a beadle; a herald; the leader of an army or caravan; a guide. A guide who would chant poems praising the Prophet or the Imams, and he would call on people to take him as a guide for a pilgrimage either to Mecca, the ‘Atabát, or Mashhad. He would hoist a special banner to announce the imminent pilgrimage. This may explain why Mullá Ḥusayn’s party were able to carry a black banner without arousing any suspicions.
Chawush-Khwani	Cháwush-Khwání	recitation by a guide
Chay (Cha’i)	Cháy (Chá’í)	Pers. tea. See Sháy
Chi or Chih, Chiha	Chi or Chih, pl. Chihá	Pers. something; who? what? which? a Turkish affix to form words denoting the agent
Chigan, Jigan	Chígán, Jígán	village (32.897875, 50.334005) 128 km WNW of Iṣfahán
Chihal (Chihil)	Chihal, Chihil	Pers. forty
Chihr, Chihra	Chihr, fem. Chihra (چ‍ره)	Pers. face, visage; original essence; a map; small shot
Chihra-Nama (Chehreh-Nama)	Chihra-Namá	Pers. “Face view”, “portrait painter” or “real face of people”. Iranian newspaper first published (possibly 1890s) in Alexandria and then Cairo. It acted as a conduit of ideas (unable to be published in Írán) between Egypt and Írán in the campaigns of political, social, and cultural reform.
Chihriq, Chehriq, Chahriq	Chihríq	(Čahrīk, Turkic “challenge”) Qal‘ah Chihríq (“Shimko Castle”, see Şikák) is a citadel in Kurdish Ádhirbáyján, designated by the Báb as Jabal-i-Shadíd (the “Grievous Mountain”), name chosen based on Chihríq and Shadíd (“grievous”) having the same abjad value of 318. He was imprisoned there May 1848–July 1850. There are two villages: Chihríq-i-Ulya (“Upper” Chihríq, 38.079311, 44.599834), about 70 km NW of Urmia; and Chihríq-i-Suflá (“Lower” Chihríq, 38.076439, 44.611989) is 1 km ESE of Chihríq-i-Ulya. The ruins of the fortress (38.080166, 44.589550) is on the end of a ridge with steep sides between the now largely dry Zúlá Cháy River and a side stream. It is about 0.8 km to the west of Chihríq-i-Ulya and 19 km SE of the modern Türkye border. Access to the fort was only possible by crossing the river, making it more difficult for the Báb’s followers to reach him. Armenian Christians (they left about 1830) lived in the walled village (with a church) below the castle. They had a second church (38.078982, 44.591295) 200 m to the south and a cemetery west of this church.
Chilaw-kabab	Chiláw-kabáb	“national dish” of Írán; cooked rice with one of many varieties of kebab
Chinar	Chinár	Pers. chenar or Oriental plane tree
Chinar-Sukhtih	Chinár-Súkhtih	“burnt tree”, a section of Nayriz (south and SW of city centre) that includes the Masjid Jámi‘ Kabír. Varqá’s house ≈ 29.189037, 54.326549. Qal‘ah-i-Khwájah (≈ 29.194332, 54.337368) was ≈ 1 km to the east.
Chiragh (Cheragh, Chiraq)	Chirágh	Pers. a lamp; light; the wick of a candle; a guide, director; a client, dependant; a horse’s rearing; a pasture. Sháh Chirágh (29.609674, 52.543340) is a funerary monument and mosque in Shíráz. See Ar. Siráj.
Chisht	Chisht	town (now city, Chishti Sharíf, 34.342240, 63.738131) 140 km east of Heart, Afghánistán (formerly eastern Persia)
Chishti	Chishtí	Chishtí Ṣúfí Order is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance and openness. It began with Abú Isḥáq Shámí (d. 940) in Chisht, c. CE 930. It was the first of the four main Ṣúfí orders (Chishtí, Qádiríya, Suhrawardí and Naqshbandí) to be established in this region.
Chiz, Chi	Chíz, Chí	Pers. something; who? what? which? a Turkish affix to form words denoting the agent
Chub (Chob)	Chúb	Pers. a log; wood; a tree; a staff, rod, baton, stick; a drumstick; a beam; a plough-tail; a shoot of a tree, sucker
Chubin Dar, Chubindar, Jubin	Chúbín Dar	(Choobindar Choubindar; also known as Júbín Dar, Chúbín, and Chundar) is a village to the SW of Qazvín. Chúbín Dar Zindán (Prison) is on the west side of the village. See Sijn-i-Matín
Chula (Chuleh, Chulih, Choleh)	Chúla (چوله)	Pers. porcupine
Chulaw (Chulav), Chilaw	Chuláw (Chuláv)	Pers. plain boiled rice
Chupan	Chúpán	Pers. (Chopan, Copan) a shepherd. Amír Chúpán and Dr Chúpán
Comforter	Comforter	(Gk. Paracletos) Muḥammad and Aḥmad (“the Praised One”, “a Mercy for all creatures” and “most kind and merciful to the Believers”) are almost a translation of the Greek word Periclytos. The use of “Comforter” in the John 14:16 and 16:7 is based on the Greek word Paracletos (“Advocate”, “one called to the help of another, a kind friend”). Muslims argue that Paracletos is a corrupt reading for Periclytos.
Cunningham	Cunningham	1919 model car arrived at Port Said early January 1920 (Prelude to the Guardianship, p. 126). It is stored in an air conditioned garage at the front of 7 Har-Parsim St, Haifa. It was restored about 2015.

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Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
D
Da’a, Du’a’	Da‘á, Du‘á’	Ar. to call (someone); to summon, call or send for someone; to call up; to call upon someone, appeal to someone for something or to do something; to propagate, propagandize (something), make propaganda, make publicity (for)
Da’i or Du’at	Dá‘í, pl. Du‘át	Pers. who or what invites or stimulates (others) to anything; who prays for, invokes a blessing upon; the Muezzm who calls to prayers; Muhammad (as caller to the faith). Meaning also a missionary, see da’wa.
Da’if, Du’afa	Ḍa‘if, pl. m. Ḍu‘afa’	weak, feeble; frail, weakly, delicate, debilitated, impotent, languid, flabby, slack
Da’im	Dá’im	lasting, enduring; endless, eternal, perpetual, everlasting; perennial; continued, continuous, continual, incessant, unceasing, constant; permanent, standing, established; durable. As in permanent marriage. Compare with munqaṭi‘.
Da’iman	Dá’iman	continually, forever
Da’ir	Dá’ir	turning, revolving, spinning; circulating; current (e.g., expression), common; ambulant, itinerant; in progress, under way; working, in operation; running (machine, engine); round
Da’ira, Dawa’ir	Dá’ira(h), pl. Dawá’ir	circle (also mathematics); ring; circumference, perimeter, periphery; sphere, scope, range, compass, extent, circuit; field, domain (figurative); official agency, department (especially Ir., Syr., Leb.); office, bureau; department of a court of justice (e.g., Tun.); farm, country estate (e.g.); misfortune, calamity, affliction. The Dá’ira represents the Sun of Truth (the Manifestation of the Names and attributes of God) (from the Báb). Hence, women are called the “possessors of the circle (dá’ira)” because the Manifestation of the Names and attributes of God is enshrined within the heart of each individual. See haykal.
Da’ish (Daesh)	Dá‘ish	The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, ad-Dawlah al-Islámiyah fí’l-‘Iráq wa sh-Shám), officially known as the Islamic State (IS) and also known by its Arabic-language acronym Daesh (Dá‘ish), is a terrorist militant group that follows a fundamentalist, Salafi jihadist doctrine of Sunni Islam.
Da’iya (Da’i), Dawa’in	Dá‘iya (“Dá‘í”), pl. Dawá‘in	one who calls for something, invites to something; propagandist, herald; (pl.) motive, reason, cause, occasion; requirements, exigencies. Hence, ad-dá‘iya, the caller.
Da’wa, Da’awa, Da’awin	Da‘wá, pl. Da‘áwá, Da‘áwin	allegation, pretension; claim; lawsuit, case, action, legal proceedings (Islamic Law)
Da’wa, Da’awat	Da‘wa(h), pl. Da‘awát	call; appeal; bidding, demand, request; call, convocation, summons (to), calling up, summoning; (official) summons, citation; invitation; claim, demand, plea; missionary activity, missionary work, propaganda;—pl. invocation, imploration, supplication, prayer; good wish. The summons to Islám that precedes or replaces holy war; Islamic missionary endeavour, proselytization.
Dabb, Dabab, Adubb, Dubban	Ḍabb, pl. Ḍabáb, Aḍubb, Ḍubbán	lizard
Dabba, Dawabb	Dábba(h or t), pl. Dawább	animal (including man), beast; riding animal (horse, mule, donkey). See Qur’án 11:59 and 27:19.
Dabir, Dibir	Dabír, Dibír	Pers. a writer, secretary, notary; a writing-master; dabíru’l-mulk, Secretary of State
Dabiristan (Dabistan), Dibiristan	Dabíristán, Dibíristán	Pers. a high school; a record office. Dabistán (“Debistan”) is either a contraction of dabíristán or an abbreviation of adabistán.
Dabistan al-Madhhahib	Dabistán al-Madhháhib	title of a book (“School of doctrines”) containing historical records of religions and creeds, we find stories and traditions concerning the Brahaman and Zoroastrian miracles. Persian Dabistánu’l-Madhháhib
Dabit, Dubbat, Dawabit	Ḍábiṭ	controlling device, control, governor, regulator (techn.); prepositor entrusted with discipline (in e.g. schools); (pl. ḍubbáṭ) officer; (pl. ḍawábiṭ) general rule, canon, (moral) precept or order
Dabita, Dawabit	Ḍábiṭa, Ḍawábiṭ	police; (pl.) curbing force, order
Dad	Dád	Persian. He gave; a gift; justice, equity; redress of grievances; complaint, lamentation (under oppression); measure; a part, portion; revenge; a ringworm; life; age; a year
Dada	Dada (Dadih)	Pers. a grandfather; a title given to dervishes, especially qalandars; a nurse who brings up children
Dada	Dáda	governess, dry nurse, nurse
Dada	Dádá	Pers. a female servant, particularly an old one who has attended upon anyone from her youth; a handmaid.
Dadash	Dádásh	Pers. brother
Dah	Dah	Pers. ten; indicating sometimes a large, sometimes a small number; displeasure; annoyance, trouble; curses, imprecations; commanding what is right and forbidding what is wrong
Dahaj (Dehaj)	Dahaj (Dahíj)	town (30.690764, 54.877358) between Shíráz and Kirmán
Dahaji	Dahají	from Dahaj. Siyyid-i-Mihdíy-i-Dahají was named Ismu’lláhu’l-Jamál by Bahá’u’lláh. He rebelled against ‘Abdu’l-Bahá after the death of Bahá’u’lláh.
Dahan, Dihan	Dahán, Dihán	Pers. the mouth; an orifice
Dahiya, Dawahin	Dáhiya(t), pl. Dawáhin	calamity, disaster, catastrophe; misfortune
Dahmubidi	Dahmúbidí (Dah + múbidí)	Dáryúsh Dahmúbidí
Dahr, Duhur, Adhur	Dahr, pl. Duhúr, Adhur (ادھر)	time; long time, age, epoch; lifetime; eternity; fate, destiny; “world of duration”. Note adhur plural has the letters d and h, not dh.
Dai’a, Diya’	Ḍai‘a, pl. Ḍiyá‘	landed estate, country estate, domain; small village, hamlet
Daidanaw (Daidanow), Day Da Naw	Daidanaw, Day Da Naw	Burmese. Daidanaw, known as “‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s village”, is 4.25 km NE along the road to Kawhmu from the main road junction in Kungangon, Burma (Myanmar). Siyyid Muṣṭafá Rúmí’s shrine is to the north of the Bahá’í Centre (16.465353, 96.040762). Refer to https://bahai-library.com/history_bahai_faith_myanmar
Dajjal, Dajjalun, Dajajila	Dajjál, pl. Dajjálún, Dajájila	(“Dedjal”) swindler, cheat, imposter; quack, charlatan; Antichrist (false Christ or anti-Christ). The Antichrist (Siyyid Muḥammad Iṣfahání, the “Antichrist of the Bahá’í revelation”), who would appear at the Advent of the Promised One (Bahá’u’lláh), to contend with and ultimately be defeated by Him. See Sufyání and Áqásí.
Dakhan	Dakhan	smoke, fume, vapour. Town 98 km ENE Hamadán
Dakhil, Dukhala’	Dakhíl, pl. Dukhalá’	inner, inward, internal; inner self, heart, core;—pl. extraneous; foreign, alien; exotic; foreigner, alien, stranger; not genuine, false, spurious; newly added (to); novice; (new) convert; guest; protégé, charge, ward
Dakhili	Dakhílí	Masrúr Dakhílí executed 1981
Dakhma (Dakhmih, Dakhmeh)	Dakhma	a Pársí word for a circular stone building in the form of a cylinder (so-called “tower of silence”, tower of khámushí “silence”). Zoroastrians lay the bodies of their dead on its flat top surface (the receptacle for the dead); a tomb; a coffin; a mausoleum (modern colloquialism)
Dal	Dál	Letter ‘D’
Dala’il al-‘Irfan, Dala’ilu’l-‘Irfan	Dalá’il al-‘Irfán, Dalá’ilu’l-‘Irfán	“Signs of knowledge” by Ḥájí Mírzá Ḥaydar ‘Alí Iṣfahání
Dala’il-i-Sab’a (Dala’il-i-Sab’ih)	Dalá’il-i-Sab‘a (Dalá’il-i-Sab‘ih)	“The Seven Proofs” in Persian by the Báb
Dalaki	Dálakí	city 73 km NE of Búshihr and 15 km SW Kunár Takhta. The Báb was arrested in this city in 1846.
Dalal	Ḍalál	a straying from the right path or from truth; error
Dalil, Adilla, Dala’l, Adilla’, Dala’il	Dalíl, pl. Adilla, Dalá’l, Adillá’	(the latter of persons) indication (of); sign, token; symptom; proof, evidence (of); guide; tourist guide; pilot (of a ship, of an airplane);guidebook, guide manual, handbook; directory, telephone directory; railroad guide, timetable; guide rail (technical); roller path (in steel construction). pl. also dalá’il.
Dalilu’l-Mutahayyirin	Dalílu’l-Mutaḥayyirín	Guide of the astonished, bewildered, helpless or perplexed
Daliyat ar-Rawha’	Dálíyá(t) ar-Rawḥá’	(fragrant vine”) a Palestinian village 24.5 km SE of Haifa. The Jewish colony of Dalia was established on land purchased in the village in 1939. It was depopulated of its Arab inhabitants in late March during the 1948 Palestine War.
Dall, Dawall, Dallin	Ḍáll, pl. Ḍawáll, Ḍállín	straying, roaming, wandering; astray, lost; erroneous, false. Ḍállín (gone astray)
Dallal	Dallál	auctioneer; broker, jobber, middleman, agent, commission merchant; hawker
Dalvand	Dálvand	Sháhín Dálvand
Damawand, Damavand	Damáwand, Damávand	city (58 km east Tehran), county and mountain (5,609 m, 27 km north of the city)
Damdam	Ḍamḍám	one who comprehends, contains, grasps, or holds everything; anything that contains, surrounds, or comprises another
Damghan	Dámghán	city (36.162988, 54.333824) 125 km SE Sari and 60 km SW of Sháhrúd
Damir	Ḍámir	loan, skinny, thin; slender, slim, svelte, lank (camel or any riding animal). See Qur’án 22:27 where it is often translated as “lean camel”.
Damma, Dammat	Ḍamma, pl. Ḍammát	the vowel point for the short vowel u;—pl. embrace, hug. See kasra and fatḥa
Dana (Danih)	Dána	Pers. grain; a berry; stone of fruit, seed of grain or fruit; a pimple; grain or bait scattered for catching birds; a cannon-ball; knowledge, science, learning; learned
Danaq, Daniq, Dawaniq	Dánaq, Dániq, pl. Dawániq	two carats (2 qíráṭ, 1/6 dirham); an ancient coin; small coin; a square measure. Abú Dawáníq, a nickname of the Caliph Abú-Ja‘far Manṣúr on account of his avarice.
Dani’, Adniya’, Adna’	Daní’,pl. Adniyá’, Adná’	low, base, mean, vile, despicable, contemptible; inferior, second-rate, of poor quality. Adná’ also “lowest” or “even closer”—being the second station (the other is that of divinity) of the Báb, that of servitude. (Gate of the heart, p. 223)
Danish	Dánish	Pers. science, knowledge, learning; excellence
Danishniya	Dánishníyá[t]	Pers. (dánish + níyá[t]) knowledgeable or learned. Adíb Dánishníyá.
Dannun (Danun, Dunnun, Thulnoon)	Dannún	shrines of Shaykh Dannún (32.991081, 35.147904) and Shaykh Dawúd (32.993921, 35.150093) in small villages of the same name are now merged as the village of Sheikh Dannun, 5 km ESE of the city of Nahariya, Israel. Bahá’u’lláh would have passed through or near here enroute to the former village of an-Nahr in 1880. See Nahr. For “thulnoon”, see Dhú’n-Nún.
Daqiqa, Daqa’iq	Daqíqa, pl. Daqá’iq	particle; nicety (“subtlety”); intricacy; detail, particular; minute (time unit)
Dar	Dar	Pers. 1. (preposition) in, into, within, among; on, upon, above; of, concerning, about; by, for; because of; near, hard by, at; to, as far as, according to; before, in presence of; against; with; under; at length; after; so much; out, out of doors. 2. (noun) a door, gate, passage, door-way or gate-way; a chapter (of the Zand); a subject, topic; way, manner, method; genus, sort, kind; turn, step, degree; a kind of wild bird; a gnat; a blackberry; a valley; a mountain-pass; the foot, also summit, of a mountain. 3. (imperative of darídan), tear thou; (in composition) tearing, as parda-dar, veil-tearing, dishonouring.
Dar al-Athar, Daru’l-Athar	Dár al-Áthár, (Pers.) Dáru’l-Áthár	museum, archives
Dar al-Funun, Daru’l-Funun	Dár al-Funún, Dáru’l-Funún	building or centre for arts and sciences) The first technical college of Írán in Teheran founded by Prime Minister Mírzá Taqí Khán. BKG 72
Dar as-Salam, Daru’s-Salam	Dár as-Salám, Pers. Dáru’s-Salám	(Darussalam, Dar es Salaam) paradise, heaven; epithet of Baghdád (Abode of Peace or the City of God since peace is an attribute of God). See Bahá’u’lláh King of Glory, p. 296. Dar es Salaam (seaport and capital of Tanzania).
Dar Kula, Darkula, Darab Kola, Dara Kola	Dár Kulá (Dárkulá)	a village (36.512137, 52.301776) in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province
Dar, Daran	Dár, pl. Dárán	Pers. wood; a gallows; a beam; the roofing of a house; a tree, stake; (imperfect of dáshtan, in compounds) holding, possessing, keeping; a keeper, possessor, lord, master
Dar, Dur, Diyar, Diyarat, Diyara	Dár f., pl. Dúr, Diyár, Diyárát, Diyara[h]	house; building, structure, edifice; habitation, dwelling, abode; residence, home; seat, side, locality; area, region; land, country (especially diyár). dár al-baqá’ the eternal abode, the hereafter; dár as-sa‘áda and dár as-salṭana Constantinople (designation before World War I); dár as-salám paradise, heaven; dár al-hijra Medina. Example Dúru’l-Bahá’íyya. Pers. in compounds as an imperative of dáshtan: holding, possessing, keeping; a keeper, possessor, lord, master.
Dara	Dárá	Pers. holding fast; a possessor; God; Darius, son of Dáráb; the Darii, kings of Persia; a sovereign
Darab	Daráb (Dar Áb)	Pers. dar+áb (در آب), in the water
Darab	Dáráb	A town in Fárs, southern Persia, home of Vaḥíd’s ancestors.
Darabi	Dárábí	Sayyid Yaḥyá Dárábí (1811–1850), Bábí leader usually known as Waḥíd Akbar (Peerless One), a title given him by the Báb. The eldest son of Sayyid Ja‘far al-Kashfí Iṣṭahbánátí.
Daraja, Darajat	Daraja, pl. Daraját	step, stair; flight of steps, stairs, staircase; degree, step, tone (of a scale; music); degree (mathematics, geography; of temperature); grade, fate; degree, order, rank; club (also, e.g., in trains, of a decoration); phase state, stage (of a development); mark, grade (in school)
Darb, Durab, Adrab	Ḍarb, pl. Ḍurúb, Aḍráb	beating, striking, hitting, rapping; shooting, shelling, gunning, bombing, bombardment; multiplication; coining, formation; minting (of money);— (pl. ḍurúb) kind, sort, specimen, species, variety; (pl. aḍráb) similar, like
Darband	Darband	Pers. gateway or mountain door. City (renamed Derbent) in the province of Dághistán (Russia) on the western banks of the Caspian Sea (gateway to the Caucasus). Also a village (gateway to Mt. Tochal (Tuchál), mountain and ski resort) that is now a neighbourhood on the north side of Ṭihrán.
Dard, Darad	Dárd, Dárad	Pers. an attribute of God; dárad he holds, has, is possessed of
Dargaz (Dar Gaz)	Dargaz (Dar Gaz)	also known as Darreh Gaz; formerly, Muḥammadábád, Muḥammadábád Arbáb, and Abíward (Abivard), is a city 65 km NE of Qúchán, in Raḍawí Khurásán Ústán (province), Írán.
Dari	Darí	Pers. belonging to a door; belonging to the royal court, courtly; one of the three surviving dialects of the seven anciently spoken in Persia, said to prevail chiefly in Balkh, Bukhárá, and Badakhshán, and called the language of the court and of Paradise
Daridan	Darídan	Pers. to tear, rend, lacerate; to cut out (cloth); to lay open; to subtract; to be loosed; to be torn
Darkala or Dar-Kala (Dar-Kola)	Dárkalá or Dár-Kalá	(“Kalaa”, “Dhakala”) a village (36.161685, 51.939188) in Núr County (8 km SW of Tákur) in Mázindarán, a second ancestral home of Mírzá Ḥusayn-‘Alí. A village (36.464393, 52.193668) 14 km west of Ámul where Bahá’u’lláh’s family stayed away from the winter cold of Tákur.
Darr	Ḍárr	harmful, injurious, detrimental, noxious, disadvantageous. Abú Dharr al-Ghifárí al-Kinání, also Jundab ibn Junádah, was the 4th or 5th convert to Islam, and a Muhájirún
Dars, Durus	Dars, pl. Durús	effacement, obliteration, extinction;—pl. study, studies; lesson, chapter (of a textbook); class, class hour, period; lecture; lesson (taught by experience, etc.)
Darsu’l-Akhláq, Dars-i-Akhlaq	Darsu’l-Akhláq, (Pers.) Dars-i-Akhláq	“Lessons in morals, good behaviour and character building” (“Dars Akhláq”)
Daru’l-Tabigh or Daru’l-Tarwij	Dáru’l-Tabígh or Dáru’l-Tarwíj	(Teaching or Propagation Centre, for the Hands)
Daru’l-Tashri’	Dáru’l-Tashrí‘	(House of Legislation, Universal House of Justice)
Daru’s-Surur	Dáru’s-Surúr	“the happy home”
Daru’sh-Shafa	Dáru’sh-Shafá	Pers. house of treatment, a building constructed for medical purposes, equivalent of a modern hospital or health clinic
Daru’sh-Shafay-i-Masjid-i-Shah	Dáru’sh-Shafáy-i-Masjid-i-Sháh	Pers. hospital at the Sháh Mosque in Tehran
Darugha (Darughih)	Dárúgha (Pers. Bahá’í Dárúghih)	Pers. from Chinese, a territorial subdivision (later a province) in the Mongol Empire that was ruled by a darughachí. In Safavid Persia, a dárúgha was the head man of an office, prefect of a town or village, overseer, or superintendent of any department. Similarly, in the Mughal Empire of South Asia, dárúgha was the title of the district police officer or police magistrate.
Darughagi (Darughachi)	Dárúghagí	Pers. from Mongolian dárúghachí. A superintendency. He was in charge of administration and taxes—sometimes referred to as a governor.
Darvish Muhammad-i-Irani	Darvísh Muḥammad-i-Írání	Name used by Bahá’u’lláh while in Sulaymáníyyih
Darvish Sidq-‘Ali	Darvísh Ṣidq-‘Alí
Darvish-Salah	Darvísh-Ṣaláḥ
Darwaz, Darwaza (Darvarza, Darvazih)	Darwáz, Darwáza	Pers. large gates, or doors of a city, palace, or fortress (always open); a square, market-place; mendacity;—fem. a door; a gate; a square, market-place, or exchange where merchants meet, and mendicants beg; (hence) begging; a pass through mountains.
Darwaza Kazirun	Darwáza Kázirún	Kázirún Gate (29.609111, 52.532378) is the west side old city gate (destroyed) of Shíráz on the Kázirún to Shíráz road. The Báb met Mullá Ḥusayn here on 22 May 1844.
Darwaza Qur’an	Darwáza Qur’án	(or Darwáza Shíráz) “Qur’án Gate”, was at the northern entrance gate to Shíráz on the Iṣfahán road. The gate once had two very large and heavy, hand-written “Qur’áns” (i.e. maṣḥafayn; named hafdah man (weight 51 kg)) stored in a room on top of the arch. The maṣḥafayn were moved in 1937 and are now in the Pars Museum. The modern gate is a “recreation”. All the other city gates have been destroyed.
Darwish (Darvish), Darawish	Darwísh, pl. Daráwísh	poor, indigent; dervish or monk. A beggar or faqír (poor one) “... those who are completely severed from all but God, who cleave to His laws, are firm in His Faith, loyal to His Covenant, and constant in worship.” Attributed to Bahá’u’lláh in MF 39. May be written as Darwesh or Darvesh in Persian.
Darya	Daryá	Pers. a sea, ocean; a river; (in the language of mysticism) pure, uncreated, divine essence
Daryay-i-Nur (Daryay-i-Noor)	Daryáy-i-Núr	Pers. the Sea of Light or the Ocean of Light—the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh. Name of the famous and largest pink cut diamond (≈182 carats, from India), the colour is a very rare pale pink. See Kúh-i-Núr.
Daryun (Dariun), Daryan (Darian)	Dáryún (Dáríún), Dáryán (Dáríán))	city (29.563709, 52.931288; 35 km east of Shíráz) in the Central District of Shíráz County, Fárs Province; city (38.216401, 45.628214; 60 km WNW Tabriz) in East Azerbaijan; village (35.145114, 46.315736) 1 km SE of the Daryan Dam in Kirmánsháh Province. An area (32.677209, 51.707902) in Iṣfahán (5 km NE of city centre).
Daryush (Dariush, Darioush)	Dáryúsh	Pers. (“Dáriúsh”, Darioush) a common Persian male given name. Old Persian Dárayavush = Dáraya- [hold] + vush (wash) [good], i.e. “holding firm the good”. Historically it has been translated into English and Latin as “Darius”. Dáryúsh Dahmúbidí..
Darz, Duruz	Darz, pl. Durúz	seam, hem; suture
Darzi	Darzí	Pers. a tailor
Dasht	Dasht	Pers. a desert, plain without water; a burial-ground; a chess-board; dry musk
Dashtan	Dáshtan	Pers. to have; to hold; to possess; to profess, maintain
Dast, Dast ba Dast	Dast, Dast bá Dast	Pers. the hand; the forearm; a cubit. dast bá dast, hand in hand; very near; agile, quick, speedy.
Dast, Dust	Dast, pl. Dusút	place of honour, seat of honour, seat of office; council; dast al-ḥukm (a ruler’s) throne
Dastan	Dastán	Pers. history, romance, fable; song, melody, trill, shake; the key of a musical instrument; foolish, idle talk; fraud, imposture, stratagem
Dastjird	Dastjird	(Dastjerd) city 60 km WSW of Qum, Írán
Dastjirdan	Dastjirdán	people of Dastjird
Dastmal-Girih-Zan	Dastmál-Girih-Zan	Pers. literally “handkerchief-knot-woman”
Dastmal, Dast-mal	Dast-mál, Dastmál	Pers. rubbing the hands; a towel; a handkerchief; a kettle-holder; dinner-plate; easy, smooth; bare; a prisoner; wealth
Dastur, Datwar, Dasturan	Dastúr, pl. Dasátír or Dastúrán	Pers. (borrowed from Arabic dustúr) leave, permission, licence; congé; a prime minister, vazír, senator, councillor of state; a confidential person; a model, exemplar, rule, basis, foundation, canon, original of a book, record, formula, or any writing of authority to which people have recourse; custom, mode, manner, fashion; constitution, privilege; a customary fee, tax, or percentage; fulfilment of a promise; a bolt, bar; a large log laid across a ship as ballast; a high Zoroastrian priest; a powerful man; in India a Pársí priest. See dustúr.
Dasturi	Dastúrí	Pers. perquisites paid to servants by one who sells to their master, fees; leave; custom; anything thrown in, or placed upon another (as if one should buy a pound of sugar, and an apple should be put on the top)
Dawachi (Davachi)	Dawachí	an old district of Tabriz to the north of the city centre
Dawla (Daula, Daulih, Dawlih), Duwal	Dawla[h or t], pl. Duwal	originally: alternation, rotation, cycle, change; change of time, period of rule. Used in particular by the early Abbasid caliphs to denote “the time of their success”, i.e. the period of their rule, and soon became associated specifically with the ruling house and acquired the connotation of “dynasty”. Since 19th century: dynasty; state or government, country; power, empire. e.g. Dawlat-Ábád and Dawlat-Ábádí. Pers. also dawlih.
Dawli (Dauli), Duwali	Dawlí	state (adjective); duwalí international
Dawr (Daur), Adwar	Dawr, pl. Adwár	Pers. (Ar. influence) time, age; a revolution, period of years; a period of 360 solar years; evil times; days of oppression; a state of poverty; the world, fortune; the repetition of a lesson; a cup handed round by the guests; intelligence which spies transmit to the court of their sovereign;—pl. orbs, orbits, revolutions, circles; periods, ages
Dawr (Dur, Daur), Adwar	Dawr, pl. Adwár	round (of a patrol; in sports); role, part (played by someone or something); film role, stage role; periodic change, rotation, alternation; crop rotation; period; (one’s) turn; phase, stage, step, degree, station; epoch, age, era, cycle; fit, attack, paroxysm (of a disease); floor, story; musical composition; number, single performance (within a program)
Dawr an-Nabawi, Dur-i-Nabuwwat	Dawr an-Nabawí, Dur-i-Nabuwwat	Prophetic Cycle
Dawra (Daura, Zorah), Dawrat	Dawra[h or t], pl. Dawrát	urn, revolution, gyration, rotation; circulation; cycle; circuit; round, patrol; procession (Christian); round trip; tour (in general, of an artist or performer); detour; period (also electricity); session (of parliament); course (of instruction). ad-Dawra is a neighbourhood of southern Baghdád.
Dawran (Dauran), Dawaran	Dawrán, Dawarán	Pers. (Ar. influence) a revolution, period, circle, cycle; time, an age; fortune, vicissitude; rolling round.
Daws (Daus)	Daws	treading, trampling, tread, step
Dawud (Davud), Da’ud (Daoud)	Dáwud, Dáwúd, Dá’úd	David. Hebrew Daoud. Other variants: Daut, Dawood and Davut. Abú Dáwud Sulaymán ibn al-Ash‘ath al-Azdí as-Sijistání, commonly known simply as Abú Dáwúd, was a Persian scholar of prophetic ḥadíth who compiled the third of the six “canonical” ḥadíth collections recognized by Sunní Muslims.
Dawudi (Daoudi), Daiudi	Dáwúdí, Dá’údí	of David. Followers (Daoudis) of David, a small sect of Islám. Dr ‘Alí Murád Dávúdí (1922–1979)
Day (Dai)	Day	Pers the 10th month of the Persian solar year
Dayf (Daif), Duyuf, Adyaf, Difan	Ḍayf, pl. Ḍuyúf, Aḍyáf, Ḍífán	guest; visitor
Daylam	Daylam	Old Province SW cnr Caspian Sea (now Gílán)
Dayr (Dair), Adyar, Adyira, Duyura	Dayr, pl. Adyár, Adyira, Duyúra	(“deir”) monastery, convent, cloister
Dayyan (Daiyan)	Dayyán	pious, godly, devout, religious, a requiter (rewarder) of good and evil; metaphorical accountant who rewards people for their deeds on the Day of Resurrection: hence an epithet of God; a conqueror, a subduer; a judge, umpire, administrator. Mirza Asadu’lláh was given the title Dayyán (Judge) by the Báb and “the third Letter to believe in Him whom God shall make manifest” by Bahá’u’lláh.
Dha Kifl, Dha’l-Kifl (Dha’u’l-Kifl)	Dhá Kifl, Dha’l-Kifl (Dhá’u’l-Kifl)	or dhú Kifl, Dhu’l-Kifl (Dhú’u’l-Kifl) “Possessor of the Fold”. Kifl occurs in Qur’án 21:85 and 38:48. Name believed to be Elijah, Joshua, Zachariah or Ezekiel. Sometimes zul, dhul, etc. are used.
Dhabih, Dhaboha, Dhaba’ih	Dhabíḥ, fem. Dhabíḥa[h or t]	pl. Dhabíḥíyún fem. pl. dhabá’iḥ. sacrifice or slaughtered. fem. slaughter animal; sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice; sacrifice, immolation; offering, oblation. Pers. zabíḥ. Ḥájí Muḥammad Ismá‘íl was known as Dhabíḥ. The name Ismá‘íl in Bábí-Bahá’í history is associated with the soubriquet ‘Dhabíḥ’. Ismá‘íl (Ishmael), the son that Abraham had by Hagar, and according to the Qur’án, it was Ishmael whom Abraham offered to sacrifice—hence the association of the name Ismá‘íl with Dhabíḥ. (Balyuzi, E. G. Browne) Azízu’lláh Dhabíhíyán, martyred in Yazd in 1980.)
Dhabih Allah, Dhabihu’llah	Dhabíḥ Alláh, Dhabíḥu’lláh	“Sacrifice of God”, reference to Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice His eldest and patient (Qur’án 37:101, 21:85) son, Ismá‘íl (Ishmael).
Dhahab	Dhahab (m. and f.), pl. Dhiháb	gold; gold piece, gold coin; having the eyes dazzled at the glare of gold, or on entering suddenly into a glittering mine; the yolk of an egg
Dhahaba, Dhahab, Madhhab (Mazhab)	Dhahaba (Dhaháb, Madhhab)	to go (to); to betake oneself, travel (to); to go away, leave, depart; to disappear, vanish, decline, dwindle; to perish, die, be destroyed; with to carry something off, take something away, abduct, steal something, sweep something or someone away, annihilate, destroy something or someone
Dhahabi	Dhahabí	golden, of gold; precious, excellent, apposite (e.g., advice, saying, etc.)
Dhahabiya, Dhahabiyyat	Dhahabíya[h or t], pl. Dhahabíyát	Pers. (English dahabeah) a long, light-draft houseboat, used on the Nile. Pers. dhahabiyya[h]. adh-Dhahabiyya, Shí‘í Ṣúfí order in Írán.
Dhaka’, Dhuka’	Dhaká’	acumen, mental, acuteness, intelligence, brightness, cleverness;—dhuká’, may have the same meaning and “the sun”
Dhaka’i, Dhuka’i	Dhaká’í	adjective form of Dhaká’; intelligent or clever
Dhakawa (Dhakava, Zakawa)	Dhakáwa[h or t]	brightness of genius, wit, intelligence, sharp-mindedness
Dhaki	Dhakí	Pers. acute; strong, diffusive musk
Dhakir, Dhakirin	Dhákir, pl. Dhákirín	Pers. rememberer; a praiser of God
Dhakira	Dhákira	memory
Dhakiy, Adhkiya’	Dhakíy, pl. Adhkiyá’	person of discernment, penetration, or understanding; acute, witty
Dhanb, Dhunub	Dhanb, pl. Dhunúb	offence, sin, crime, misdeed
Dhaqa, Dhawq (Dhauq), Madhaq	Dháqa, (Dhawq, Dhawáq, Madháq)	to taste, sample (food, etc.); to try, try out, test (something); to get a taste (of something), experience, undergo, suffer (something), go through something; form IV to have (someone) taste or sample (something), give (someone something) to taste; form V to taste (something) slowly, repeatedly, thoroughly; to get a taste (of something); to sense, perceive (something); to enjoy thoroughly, savour, relish (something); to derive pleasure (from)
Dhar’	Dhar‘	(verbal noun of dhara‘a) power, ability, capability (to do something)
Dhara’a	Dhara‘a	(verb) to measure (something); to take the measure or measurements (of something); to cover (a distance); to cross, travel (a country), travel through; to intercede, intervene, mediate, put in a word (for someone, on behalf of someone, with someone else)
Dhariyatun, Dhariyat	Dháriyatun, pl. Dháriyát	quick-scattering wind; that which scatters, that which blows away
Dharr (Zarr), Dharra (Zarra), Dharrat	Dharr, fem. Dharra[h or t]	(fem. pl. Dharrát) strewing, scattering, sprinkling; (collective) tiny particles, atoms, specks, motes. Fem. atom; tiny particle; speck, mote. Root word dharra has another derivative, dhurríya, so dharr can be understood as “seeds”, as in progeny. See dhurríya.
Dharrati (Zarrati), Dharratiyan	Dharratí, pl. Dharrátíyán	belonging to a particle
Dharw	Dharw	scattering, dispersing, the act of blowing away
Dhat, Dhawat, Dhatan	Dhát, pl. Dhawát	(fem. of dhú) being, essence, nature; self; person, personality; the same, the self-same; adh-Dhawát people of rank, people of distinction, notables; dhátan personally. Examples: dhátu’ṣ-ṣadr, dhátu’l-‘amúd, (Pers.) dháti sharíf.
Dhatiya, Dhatiyat	Dhátíya(h or t), pl. Dhátíyát	personality; subjectivism (philosophy); identity (of a person)
Dhawq (Dhauq), Adhaq	Dhawq, pl. Adhwáq	gustatory sense; taste (for; also, e.g., literary taste); perceptivity, responsiveness (for); sensitivity, sensitiveness; savoir-vivre, suavity, urbanity, tact; liking, inclination; taste, flavour (of food, etc.)
Dhawqi (Dhauqi)	Dhawqí	of taste, gustative, gustatory. Form V “of sensing, perceiving”—see Dháqa
Dhi’b, Dhi’ab, Dhu’ban	Dhi’b, pl. Dhi’áb, Dhu’bán	wolf, jackal. Bahá’u’lláh named Shaykh Muḥammad Báqir (1819–1883) the “Wolf” and his son, Shaykh Muḥammad-Taqíy-i-Najafí (1846–1914), Ibn-i-Dhi’b (“Son of the Wolf”). The son forbade people from chanting the Muslim Pre-Dawn Prayer because of its mentions of Bahá’.
Dhi’l-Hijjih	Dhi’l-Ḥijjih	Pers. Twelth month in Islamic calendar
Dhi’l-Jawshan	Dhi’l-Jawshan	Ar. “clad in armour”. Term applied to Mullá ‘Abdu’lláh the arch-killer of Imám Ḥusayn
Dhi’l-Qa’dih	Dhi’l-Qa‘dih	Pers. Eleventh month in Islamic calendar
Dhibh	Dhibḥ	sacrificial victim, blood sacrifice
Dhikr, Adhkar	Dhikr, pl. Adhkár	recollection, remembrance (e.g of God), reminiscence, memory, commemoration; reputation, repute, renown; naming, stating, mention(ing), quoting, citation; report, account, narration, narrative; invocation of God, mention of the Lord’s name; (in Sufism) incessant repetition of certain words or formulae in praise of God, often accompanied by music and dancing. A name of the Qur’án.
Dhikra, Dhikayat	Dhikrá, pl. Dhikrayát	remembrance, recollection, memory;—pl. reminiscences, memoirs
Dhikran	Dhikrán	remembrance
Dhikriya, Dhikriyya (Dhikriyyih)	Dhikríya, Pers. Dhikriyya	remembrance
Dhikru’llah (Dhikr Allah, Zikhru’llah)	Dhikru’lláh (Dhikr Alláh)	“Remembrance of God” (Pers. Zikru’lláh), an early title used by the Báb. Zikru’lláh Khádim (Zikrullah Khadem, 1904–1986) Hand of the Cause of God.
Dhikru’llah-i-A’zam	Dhikru’lláh-i-A‘ẓam	“Greater remembrance of God”, term used by Siyyid Káẓim to refer to the Báb.
Dhimmi, Dhimmiyun	Dhimmí, pl. Dhimmíyún	a non-Muslim, but follower of another religion mentioned in the Qur’án, who lives as a protected subject in an Islamic state
Dhira’, Adhru’, Dhur’an	Dhirá‘, pl. Adhru‘, Dhur‘án	arm; forearm; connecting rod; cubit
Dhu, Dhi, Dha, Dhat, Dhawu, Ulu, Dhawat	Dhú gen., Dhí accus., fem. Dhá, Dhát	pl. masc. Dhát, Dhawú, Ulú; pl. fem. Dhawát (with following genitive) possessor, owner, holder or master of, endowed or provided with, embodying or comprising something. ulú’l-amr (“ulu’l-amr”), the companions of Muhammad; also their followers in learning and authority. ulú’l-‘azm (“ulu’l-‘azm”), those resolved to obey the commands of God (Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Muhammad); those with constancy and patience (Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Moses, David and Jesus). See Dhát for fem. examples: dhú aḍ‘áf, dhú’l-jalál, dhú’n-najmat.
Dhu’l-Awtad	Dhu’l-Awtád	is variously rendered by translators of the Qur’án as The Impaler, The Contriver of the Stakes, The Lord of a Strong Dominion, The One Surrounded by Ministers, etc.
Dhu’l-Faqar (Zulfiqar, Dhulfiqar)	Dhu’l-Faqár	“that which possesses a spine”. The name of the well-known sword of Muḥammad and Imám ‘Alí. So named because it had projections and jags, like the spinal cord, on its back.
Dhu’l-Faqar Khan	Dhu’l-Faqár Khán	Fort in “vicinity” of Sháhrúd. Possibly Qal‘ah Naw-Rúz Khán (36.405557, 54.965566), Sháhrúd.
Dhu’l-Hijjah, Dhu’l-Hijjih	Dhu’l-Ḥijjah (Pers. Dhu’l-Ḥijjih)	twelfth month of Islamic calendar (the one of pilgrimage or “Possessor of the Pilgrimage”)
Dhu’l-Qa‘da	Dhu’l-Qa‘da	Eleventh month of Islamic calendar (the one of truce/sitting)
Dhu’l-Qarnayn, Dhu’l-Qarnain	Dhu’l-Qarnayn	a prophet in Qur’án 18:83–101—”the one with two horns (of the world)” or “He of the Two Ages”. In traditional scholarship, the character is usually identified as Alexander the Great. See Sikandar.
Dhu’n-Nun, Dha’n-Nun	Dhú Nún (Dhú’n-Nún)	fem. Dhá Nún (Dhá’n-Nún) (“dhu’l-nun”, “dha’l-nun”, “dhul-nun”, “dhal-Nun”, “zu‘l-nun”, “zul-nun”, “thulnoon”, etc.) “him of the fish” or “one with a fish”, the Prophet Jonah. Dhú’n-Nún Abú’l-Fayḍ Thawbán bin Ibráhím al-Miṣrí (d. Giza 245/CE 859 or 248/CE 862), often referred to as Dhú’l-Nún al-Miṣrí or Zúl-Nún al-Miṣrí, was an early Egyptian Muslim mystic and ascetic.
Dhughal, Shugal, Zugal	Dhughál, Shugál, Zugál	Pers. charcoal
Dhurriya, Dhurriyat, Dharariy	Dhurríya, pl. Dhurríyát, Dharáríy	progeny, descendants, children, offspring. See root Dharra
Didan, Didam	Dídan	Pers. to see, look, observe; to perceive, feel; to expect, hope for; to visit (modern colloquialism).Dídam, saw. Dídam ín Bahá’u’lláh ast, “I beheld the countenance of Bahá’u’lláh in Him”.
Didha (Deza, Dezah, Dizah, Dizeh)	Dídha (d-dh-h)	Pers. a horse or mule of an ash-colour; a dark colour; a fortress
Dighth, Adghath	Ḍighth, pl. Áḍgháth	a handful of herbs partly green and partly dry. Also translated as “a handful of worldly goods”. Word used in Qur’án 38:44.
Dih (Deh), Dihak	Dih, pl. Dihák	village, country
Dih-Bala	Dih-Bálá	(Deh-i-Bala) common place name in Írán (GPB p. 298)
Dih-Chah (Deh Chah)	Dih-Cháh	a village ((29.367806, 54.464782)) 23 km NNE Nayríz
Dih-Mulla (Deh-Mulla)	Dih-Mullá	Pers. a small village (36.272722, 54.755498) in Semnan Province
Dihi	Díhí	peasant, villager
Dihqan, Dahaqina, Dahqin, Duhqan	Dihqán, pl. Daháqina, Daháqín	man of importance, one who plays an important role, leading personality; grandee (in ancient Persia). Pers.: also duhqán (from Per. dih-khán or dihgán), chief man or magistrate of a village, prince or head of the farmers (among the Persians); a husbandman, cultivator of the ground; a historian; a minstrel, bard.
Dihqani, Dahqani	Dihqání, Dahqání	(Ar. element) tillage, husbandry; a husbandman
Dil	Dil	Pers. the heart, mind, soul; marrow; pith of a tree; trunk of a tree; the centre; the eye; a dot; an enigma; cote (animal shelter)
Dil-Dari	Dil-Dárí	Pers. demonstrations of love; comfort, consolation
Dil-Gusha (Dilgusha)	Dil-Gushá	Pers. exhilarating; “expansion” or “delight” of the heart
Dilaram (Dil-aram)	Dilárám	Pers. quieting the mind; heart-approving; a lovely woman, sweet-heart; anything admired or wished for
Dili-‘Abbas	Dilí-‘Abbás	(Delli Abbas) a small town 12 km NW of al-Miqdádiyah and 90 km NE of Baghdád, in ‘Iráq
Dilir	Dilír	Pers. brave, valiant, intrepid; audacious, fearless, insolent, bold
Dimagh (Damagh), Admigha	Dimágh (Pers. Damágh)	pl. Admigha[h or t] brain. Pers. also the palate; the nose; pride, haughtiness, consequential airs.
Dimashq (Damashq), Dimishq	Dimashq, Dimishq	Damascus, capital of Syria, colloquially known in Syria as ash-Shám and titled the “City of Jasmine” (Madínat al-Yásamín)
Dimashqi (Damashqi), Dimishqi	Dimashqí, Dimishqí	of Damascus, e.g. Damashqí Gate, the city gate facing Damascus near a mosque in ‘Akká, or the gate on the NW side of old Jerusalem
Din al-Qayyin	ad-Dín al-Qayyim	True Religion (Qur’án 30:30
Din-i-Ilahi	Dín-i-Iláhí	(The Divine Faith)
Din-Muhammad-Vazir	Dín-Muḥammad-Vazír
Din, Adyan	Dín, pl. Adyán	religion, creed, faith, belief. Suffix in proper names, i.e. Salah ad-Dín, Pers. Salah-ud-Dín.
Dinar, Dananir	Dínár, pl. Danánír	(originally dinnár), a coin; a gold coin, a ducat, a dinar; a weight of gold (variously stated); (metaphorically) the sun
Dini	Díní	religious; spiritual
Dinur, Dinwar (Dinyar)	Dínúr, Dínwar	(Pers. with Ar. influence) religious, faithful; who knows the law
Dirakh (Derakh)	Dirakh	Pers. (for dirakht), a tree; a beam
Dirakhshani (Derakhshani)	Dirakhshání	Pers. name
Dirbas, Darabis (Pers. Zarrabis)	Dirbás, Darábís	bolt, door bolt
Dirham, Darahim	Dirham, pl. Daráhim	dirhem, drachma; a weight; money, cash. Dirham = 6 dániq = 12 qíráṭ.
Disatir (Desatir)	Disátír	Pers. is a literary forgery with Sufi leanings published in Bombay in 1818 from an Iranian manuscript
Disciples of ‘Abdu’l-Baha	Disciples or Heralds of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá	Designated by Shoghi Effendi: Dr John Ebenezer Esslemont, Thornton Chase, Howard MacNutt, Sarah Farmer, Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney, Lillian Kappes, Robert Turner (first Afro-American Bahá’í in America), Dr Arthur Brauns, W. H. Randall, Lua Getsinger (née Louisa Aurora Moore—Livá (banner)), Joseph Hannan, Chester I. Thatcher, Charles Greenleaf, Mrs J. D. Brittingham, Mrs Thornburgh, Helen S. Goodall, Arthur P. Dodge, William H. Hoar and Dr J. G. Augur.
Diwan (Daywan, Divan), Dawawin	Díwán (Díván), pl. Dawáwín	Pers. origin, loaned to Ar. Original meaning was “bundle (of written sheets)”, hence “book”, especially “book of accounts”, and hence “office of accounts”, “custom house”, “council chamber”. The meaning of the Engliah divan, “long, cushioned seat” is because such seats were placed along the walls in Middle Eastern council chambers. A royal court; tribunal of justice or revenue; a council of state, senate; account books of the treasury (in older Islamic administration); collection of poems by an author; governmental office, administrative office; chancellery, office, bureau, secretariat; council or state, cabinet; council, consultative assembly, board of advisers, executive committee; government; hall. Used in titles, as in Amír-Díwán, Head of the Court, or Prime Minister.
Diwan-Khanih, Divan-Khanih	Díwán-Khánih	Court
Diya (Deya), Dia, Ziya, Zia	Ḍiyá’ (ضياء), Ḍíyá’ (ضيىاء)	light, brightness, glow. Transcriped as ḍiyá’ (dictionaries, elsewhere also with ẓ instead of ḍ) or ḍíyá’ (Shoghi Effendi). The same issue with the “íyá” letter combination also occurs with díyár.
Diya Baghdadi	Ḍíyá’ Baghdádí	Dr Zia (Ḍíyá’) Baghdádí (1882–1937). Named Ḍíyá’ and Afandí by Bahá’u’lláh (He also called him Mabsúṭ Afandí, “the happy one”)
Diya’ ad-Din, Diya’u’d-Din	Ḍiyá’ ad-Dín, Ḍiyá’u’d-Dín	light of faith or light of religion
Diya’i	Ḍíyá’í	of Ḍíyá’. Nuṣratu’lláh Ḍíyá’í
Diya’iya (Ziaiya, Zia’iya), Diya’iyyih	Ḍíyá’íya[h or t]	radiant, bright. (Iṣfahání Pers. Ḍíyá’iyyih (“Ziaiyyih” or “Zia’iyyih”)). Ḍíyá’íyyih Khánum, eldest daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and mother of Shoghi Effendi.
Diya’ ad-Din, Diya’u’d-Din	Ḍiyá’ ad-Dín, Ḍiyá’u’d-Dín	light of faith or light of religion
Diya’u’l-Hajiyyih	Ḍíyá’u’l-Ḥájíyyih	title of ‘Udhra Khánum
Diya’u’llah	Ḍíyá’u’lláh	light of God (Zíá’u’lláh or Ziaoullah). Mírzá Ḍíyá’u’lláh—a son of Bahá’u’lláh
Diyafa	Ḍiyáfa(t)	hospitable reception, entertainment as guest, accommodation; hospitality; “feast”
Diyala, Sirwan	Diyálá (in ‘Iráq), Sírwan (in Írán)	445 km tributary of Tigris River in eastern ‘Iráq, flowing on east side of Baghdád and joining the Tigris River to the south side of the city. Given incorrectly as Dajli in Star of the West.
Diyar-Bakr (Diar-Bakr)	Diyár-Bakr	(Diyár Bakr or Diyárbakir, “land of Bakr” tribe) city (37.925386, 40.205236) in SE Türkiye, 630 km NW of Baghdád. Transcribed Díyár-Bakr by Shoghi Effendi. Arabic: ديار بكر (Diyár Bakr). Renamed Diyabakir (Turkish, “land of copper”) by Atatürk in 1931. See Ma‘dan-i-Mis.
Diyar-i-Khatt	Díyár-i-Khaṭṭ	“domain of writing” or “realm of calligraphy”. Verse inscribed by Nabíl when asked by Mishkín-Qalam: Dar díyár-i-khaṭṭ sháh-i-ṣáḥib-‘alam Bandiy-i-báb-i-Bahá, Mishkín-Qalam.” “In the realm of calligraphy, the king who possesses the Banner, is the servant of the gate of Bahá [the Báb], Mishkín-Qalam.”
Diz-Abad, Dizabad	Díz-Ábád (Dízábád)	a village (34.490278, 49.181111) in Markazi Province. A village (36.423725, 52.806759; “Dízvá” (“Dizva”); 1.3 km south of the Shrine of Shaykh Ṭabarsí) in the Central District of Qaem Shahr County, Mazandaran Province.
Dizful (Dezful)	Dizfúl	a city and capital of Dezful County, Khuzestan Province, Írán. 120 km NNW of Ahváz.
Dizij Abad (Dizaj Abad)	Dízij Ábád	village (36.628908, 48.595490) 11 km ESE of the centre of Zanjan
Dolgorukov (Dolgorouki)	Dolgorukov	Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Dolgorukov (1797–1867) was a Russian career diplomat born into one of the most prominent Russian families. He held a number diplomatic posts: Constantinople and Madrid (1826–1830); The Hague (1832–1837), Naples (1838–1842), and again in Constantinople (1842–1845). He was the Russian Minister in Írán (1845–1854).
Droshky (Doroshky, Durushkih)	Droshky, Pers. Durushkih	a low four-wheeled open carriage once used in Russia
Du, Do	Dú, Du, Do	Pers. two
Du’a’	Du‘á’, pl. Ad‘iya(h or t), Pers. Ad‘iyyih	call; invocation of God, supplication, prayer; request, plea; good wish; imprecation, course. Prayer (supplication) for certain occasions and requirements.
Du’a’ al-Baha’	Du‘á’ al-Bahá’	(also known as Du‘á’ as-Saḥar, “Supplication of pre-dawn”) is a prayer recommended to Muslims to recite during the pre-dawns of Ramaḍán. The prayer contains the names (and in the same order), which refer to attributes of God, of the months adopted by the Báb for the Badí‘ calendar. This prayer also gives precedence to the name Bahá’ (4 times in the first verse), which apparently does not appear in the Qur’án. “I beseech Thee by Thy Splendour (Bahá’) at its most splendid (abhá’) for all Thy Splendour (Bahá’) is truly resplendent (bahíy). I, verily, O my God! beseech Thee by the fullness of Thy Splendour (bahá’). See Shaykh Bahá’í.
Du’ab (Doab)	Dú’áb	Pers. “two” + “water”, water-rich tract of land lying between two converging, or confluent, rivers. Village (36.017927, 53.046496) in Mazandaran Province.
Dudman	Dúdmán	Pers. a great tribe, family, illustrious house; generation, race; fragrance; dynasty
Dugh	Dúgh	Pers. a mixture of yoghurt and water, to which mint salt and pepper may be added.
Dugh-Abad (Dughabad)	Dúgh-Ábád	village (35.085454, 58.854295) in Razavi Khorasan Province, Írán. It is 150 km SW of Mashhad. Named Fúrúgh by Bahá’u’lláh.
Duhan, Duha, Zuha, Zuhwat	Ḍuḥan, Ḍuḥá, Pers. Ḍuḥwat	Forenoon, luncheon-time
Dukhan	Dukhán (Dukkán), pl. Adkhina	smoke, fume, vapour; tobacco
Dukht	Dukht	Pers. a daughter; a virgin; ability, strength; contempt and hatred
Dukhtar, Dukhtaran	Dukhtar, Pl. Dukhtarán	Pers. a daughter; a girl; a virgin; power, strength
Duldul, Daladil	Duldul and Duldúl, pl. Daládil	porcupine; the name of a mule gifted to Muḥammad by al-Muqawqis, probably the governor of Egypt. See Ya‘fúr.
Dumit (Domat, Domet, Doumit)	Ḍúmiṭ (ضومط)	Lebanese surname. ‘Azíz Sulaymán Ḍúmiṭ (a fanatical Protestant Christian) who spelt his name “Asis Domet” (Cairo 1890– Berlin 1943). He was an Arabic-German writer and poet who lived in Jerusalem and Haifa. His wife was Adelheid Domet Köbhe. He owned a house in Haifa on the eastern side of the Pilgrim House near the Shrine of the Báb. Shoghi Effendi added a bright light on the Shrine of the Báb in 1923. Some years later He erected a large illuminated cross on the roof of his house. Shoghi Effendi purchased and demolished the house in 1935.
Dunam	Dunam	Ottoman Turkish origin. Modern metric unit is 0.1 ha of land (about 0.25 acre).
Durar al-Baha’iya, Durar’u’l-Baha’iya	ad-Durar al-Bahá’íya	Pers. Duraru’l-Bahá’íyyah (or -ih) or ad-Durar al-Bahiyyah (Dorar-ul-Bahiyyih) “The Brilliant Pearls” by Mírzá Abu’l-Faḍl, translated into English and published as Miracles and Metaphors.
Durr	Durr	(collective) pearls
Durra, Durar, Durrat	Durra[h or t], pl. Durar, Durrát	(fem.) pearl, e.g. Durratu’l-Bahá’íyya
Durri, Darri, Dirri	Durrí, (Pers. Darrí, Dirrí)	glittering, twinkling, brilliant (star), a sparkling star glittering like a gem
Durud	Durúd	(Dorud) place 260 km NW of Iṣfahán
Durukhshan, Derakhshan	Durukhshán	Pers. (pronounced Derakhshan) shining, flashing
Durzi, Darzi, Duruz	Durzí, Darzí, pl. Durúz	Druze. The name is derived from the name of Muḥammad bin Ismá‘íl Nashtakín ad-Darazí (from Persian darzí, “tailor”) who was an early preacher. However, the people prefer the name al-Muwaḥḥidún (“Unitarian” or “people of monotheism”)
Dust (Dost), Dustan	Dúst, pl. Dústán	Pers. friend; lover; mistress, sweetheart. Dúst Muḥammad, friend of Muḥammad, town (31.145648, 61.791519) in eastern Írán, and 16th century Persian painter of miniatures, calligrapher, and art historian.
Dusti (Dosti)	Dústí	Pers. friendship; love, affection. Insán-dústí, “love of humankind in general” or philanthropy.
Dustur, Dasatir	Dustúr, pl. Dasátír	Pers. (Ar. influence) a note or common-place book; a senator, grandee; a pillar; a canon, copy, exemplar, model
Dustur, Dasatir	Dustúr, pl. Dasátír	statute; regulations; by-laws; (basic) constitutional law; constitution (politics);—(colloquial) dastúr permission
Dusturi	Dustúrí	constitutional
Dusturiyya	Dustúríyya(h)	constitutionality
Duwaliya	Duwalíya	internationality; internationalism; the International ...
Duz (Doz)	Dúz	Pers. (in compound word) sewing
Duzd, Duzdan	Duzd, pl. Duzdán	Pers. A thief, robber, assassin; theft
Duzdab	Duzdáb	Pers. “water thieves”, renamed Záhidán (pl. “pious”) late 1920s, capital of Sístán, Írán
Duzdgah (Duzd-gar)	Duzdgáh	Pers. home or hiding-place of thieves

Top -s A B C DEF G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
E
Eirene, Eirenion	Eiréné (Greek)	one, peace, quietness, rest. Greek goddess of peace (Roman counterpart is Pax). The Eirenion Hall was built in 1897 on the Green Acre property and was used as a lecture hall during the summer lecture series at Green Acre. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá gave a number of talks in the hall in 1912.
El	El	Hebrew אֵל (e-l), a god, supreme deity.
Elders	Elders	‘Abdu’l-Bahá has named 20 of the 24 elders of Revelation 4:4 and 11:16: the Báb, the 18 Letters of the Living, and Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad Taqí, a cousin of the Báb.
Erzurum	Erzurum	city in eastern Turkey (“Erzeroum”). Known as Theodosiopolis in Roman times. Neighbouring city of Artsn (Arzan) was destroyed 1048–49 and citizens moved to Theodosiopolis and called it Artsn Rum (Arzan of the Romans). Muslim citizens changed it to Arzan ar-Rúm (or Arz ar-Rúm) and then to Erzurum.

Top -s A B C D EFG H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
F
Fa	Fa	(conjunction, often as a prefix, e.g. fatabayyanú) then, and then; and so, thus, hence, therefore; but then, then however; for, because; (with subjective) so that
Fa’id, Fa’ida, Fawa’id (Fava’id)	Fá’id, fem. Fá’ida[h or t], pl. Fawá’id	utility, avail, benefit, advantage; gain, profit; interest (on money); useful lesson, moral; use (e.g. of a medicine). The Qur’án forbids usury, not reasonable interest. See riban.
Fa’il, Fa’ilun, Fa’ala	Fá‘il, pl. Fá‘ilún, Fa‘ala	effective; efficacious, efficient; (with pl. fá‘ilún) doer, actor, perpetrator; (with pl. fa‘ala) worker, workman, labourer; active subject of a verbal clause (grammar). See maf‘úl, manṣúb and marfú‘
Fa’iq (Faeg)	Fá’iq	superior; surpassing, excellent, exquisite, first-rate; outstanding, remarkable, striking; pre-eminent; exceeding, extraordinary; going far beyond (a restriction, etc.); awake, waking, wakeful. Aḥmad Fá’iq Afandí (Armenian) rebelled against the leadership of Shoghi Effendi.
Fa’iz, Fa’iza, Fa’izun	Fá’iz, fem. Fá’iza, pl. Fá’izún	successful, victorious, triumphant; victor, winner; reaching, attaining. Fá’izih (Pers. variation)—name given to Gulsurkh Bagum by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá.
Fad-dan	Fad-dán	(feddan) about an acre in size
Fada, Fayd, Fayadan (Fayazan)	Fáḍa (Fayḍ, Fayaḍán)	to overflow, flow over, run over; to inundate, flood, flood, inundation, deluge
Fadak	Fadak	a large, formerly Jewish owned oasis region (25.978874, 40.470053) south of the city of al-Ḥá’iṭ, and 122 km ENE of Khaybar. See Taymár’ and Wádí al-Qurá’.
Fadhlaka	Fadhlaka	brief summary, résumé, survey, outline, abstract, epitome
Fadil (Fazil), Fawadil, Fadilun, Fudala	Fáḍil, pl. Fawáḍil, Fáḍilún, Fuḍalá	Ar. (Fazel is an old Persian form) remaining, leftover, left, surplus, exceeding, in excess; (pl. fawáḍil) remainder, remnant, residue, rest, leftover, surplus, excess;—(pl. fáḍilún, fuḍalá) outstanding, eminent, very good, first-rate, superior, excellent, distinguished, deserving; learned; man of culture and refinement. Persian (ẓ may be used instead of ḍ): fáḍil, fem. fáḍilat, fáḍila, pl. fáḍilát.
Fadil (Fazil), Fadila, Fudala, Fada’il	Faḍíl, fem. Faḍíla[h or t], pl. Fuḍalá’	(fem. pl. Faḍá’il) outstanding, eminent, very good, first-rate, excellent; distinguished, deserving; learned, erudite. As the day of the Badí‘ week, Faḍíl: grace, favour. Fem. moral excellence, excellent quality, virtue; merit, advantage, excellence, exquisiteness.
Fadil-i-Furughi	Faḍíl-i-Furúghí	Pers. savant of Furúgh. See Furúghí
Fadil-i-Qa’ini	Fáḍil-i-Qá’iní	the Learned One of the Qá’in. A district in the province of Khurásán
Fadil-i-Yazdi	Fáḍil-i-Yazdí	“scholar of Yazd”. Fáḍil-i-Yazdí (‘Alí Muntazi‘ of Nadúshun) was a poet, religious scholar, and a devoted servant of Bahá’u’lláh.
Fadilabad (Fazelabad)	Fáḍilábád	28 km ENE of Gurgán (SE corner of the Caspian Sea), Írán
Fadl (Fazl), Fudul, Afdal	Faḍl, pl. Fuḍúl, Afḍál	surplus, excess, superfluity, overflow; leftover, remainder, remnant, rest; matter of secondary importance, subordinate matter;—pl. fuḍúl that which is superfluous, redundant or in excess, a surplus, superfluity; waste, refuse; droppings, excrement;—pl. afḍál merit, desert (on behalf of, with respect to), credit (for, in), service(s) (to); benefit, favour, gift, present. Persian: ẓ may be used instead of ḍ.
Fadla, Fadalat	Faḍla[h or t], pl. Faḍalát	(fem. of faḍl) remnant, remainder, residue, leftover, rest, surplus; waste, scrap, discard, offal, waste product; pl. excretions (physiology), excrements. Persian: ẓ may be used instead of ḍ.
Fadlu’llah (Fazlu’llah), Fadl Khuda	Faḍlu’lláh, Faḍl Alláh (Faḍlalláh)	Grace or bounty of God. Pers. Faḍl Khudá
Fahandizh	Fahandizh	Pers. a family name
Fahd, Fuhud, Afhud	Fahd, pl. Fuhúd, Afhud	lynx (also the term for cheetah and panther)
Fahima, Fahm, Faham	Fahima, Fahm, Faham	to understand, comprehend, realize (something); to note (something), take note, take cognizance (of something); to hear, learn (of something from), be informed (of something by)
Fahm, Afham	Fahm, pl. Afhám	understanding; comprehension, grasp; perceptive faculty, perceptivity; brains, intellect; discernment, acumen, penetration, insight, intelligence
Fahnih (Faneh), Panah, Dakhin	Fahnih	(also known as Panáh and Ḍakhín) is a small village 72 km SSW Qúchán in Razavi Khorasan Province, Írán. See Panábandán.
Fajr	Fajr	dawn, daybreak, morning twilight; dawn (figurative), beginning, outset, start; morning prayer (Islamic Law)
Fakara, Fakr	Fakara (Fakr)	to reflect, meditate, cogitate, ponder, muse, speculate (on), revolve in ones mind, think over, contemplate, consider (something) form V to reflect, meditate, cogitate, ponder, muse, speculate (on), revolve in ones mind, think, over, contemplate, consider (something); to think (of) forms V & VIII to remember, recall, recollect (someone, something)
Fakhkhar	Fakhkhárár	(fired) clay; earthenware, crockery, pottery. Tel ‘Akká (inaccurately also called Tel al-Fakhkhár (Hill of Shards) or “Napoleon’s Hill”. See Tall al-Fakhkhár
Fakhm	Fakhm	stately, imposing, splendid, superb, magnificent, grand, grandiose
Fakhr	Fakhr	glory, pride; honor; vainglorious poetry (as a literary genre)
Fakhru’d-Dawlih	Fakhkhru’d-Dawlih	(MF)
Fakhru’d-Din	Fakhru’d-Dín	(Fakr ed Din)
Fakhru’sh-Shuhada’	Fakhru’sh-Shuhadá	Pride of Martyrs. Note final Hamza. See Áqá Buzurg-i-Níshápúrí.
Fakhura	Fákhúra	pottery, earthenware manufactory
Falah	Faláḥ	thriving, prosperity; salvation; welfare; success
Falaj, Aflaj	Falaj, pl. Aflaj	split into parts. The irrigation system (see qanáh) in Oman and UAE that conducts underground water into channels that is then evenly divided between farms.
Falak al-Buruj	Falak al-Burúj	the celestial spheres
Falak, Aflak	Falak, pl. Aflák	celestial sphere; celestial body, star; circuit, orbit (of celestial bodies). Hence, falak al-burúj (the celestial spheres); falak al-manázil (the celestial stations); falak az-zuḥal (the sphere of Saturn); falak al-mushtarí (the sphere of Jupiter); falak al-mirrikh (the sphere of Mars); falak ash-shams (the sphere of the Sun); falak az-zuhrah (the sphere of Venus); falak ‘uṭárid (the sphere of Mercury); falak al-qamar (the sphere of the moon)
Falaki, Falakun, Falakiya, Aflakiya	Falakí, pl. Falakún, Falakíya, Aflákíya	astronomic(al); astrologic(al), ie. astronomical or related to the heavens;—pl. astronomer, astrologer; astronomical or heavenly things. Aflákíya extends the concept to refer to multiple celestial or heavenly entities, i.e. heavenly bodies or celestial objects
Falaq	Falaq	daybreak, dawn
Falaqa (Falaka, Falakih)	Falaqa[h or t]	a device (pole, stick) to hold the feet of a person when the bastinado is given. A rope is fixed to the ends of the stick to form a loose loop. The feet are passed through the loop and two men turn the stick to tighten the rope, and then lift the stick. A third man strikes the soles of the person’s feet with a cane.
Falasifiyya sharq	Falásifiyya sharq	“philosophers of the East”. See Faylasúf
Fallah, Fallahun, Fallaha	Falláḥ, pl. Falláḥún, Falláḥa[h or t]	tiller of the soil, husbandman; peasant, farmer, fellah
Fallscheer	Fallscheer	Dr Josephina Therese Fallscheer-Zürcher (1866–1932), a Swiss physician who lived in the Middle East for many years, including Haifa (1905-1912). Dr Fallscheer served as physician for the family of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and was a confidant of the women of the household of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Married Heinrich Samuel Fallscheer (b. 1872) in 1899. Daughter Gerda Margarethe Sdun-Fallscheer (1901–1990).
Falsaf, Falsafa	Falsaf, fem. Falsafa[h or t], pl. Falsafát	to philosophize; philosophy
Falsafat al-Ilahiyat	al-Falsafat al-Iláhíyat	Pers. Falsafa-yi-Iláhíya, divine philosophy in the sense of al-Falsafat al-Rúḥíyat, spiritual philosophy
Falsafi	Falsafí	Pers. philosophical; a philosopher. Shaykh Áqá Muḥammad Taqí (1908–1998), known as Falsafí, strongly campaigned against the Baháʼí Faith in the mid 1950s.
Fam Ghadir	Fam Ghadír	(“Fama Ghadir”) Fam Ghadír (Khumm), i.e. the mouth or orifice of the pool (ghadír). Symbolically, talk or speech.
Fam, Afwah	Fam, pl. Afwáh	mouth; muzzle; orifice, aperture, hole, vent; mouth (of a river), head (of a canal, etc.)
Fana’	Faná’	passing away, perish, cessation of being; perdition, ruin, destruction, annihilation; evanescence, vanishing, termination, extinction; exhaustion; non-being, non-existence, non-entity; extinction of individual consciousness, recedence of the ego, obliteration of the self (mysticism)
Fana’ Fi’lláh	Faná’ Fí’lláh	the annihilation of self in God (Scholl, Remembrance of God, p. 5)
Fana’ wa Baqa	Faná’ wa Baqá’	annihilation and subsistence (Scholl, Remembrance of God, p. 5)
Fana’yan (Fana’ian, Fanaian, Fanaiyan)	Faná’yán (Faná’íyán)	Mírzá Faraju’lláh Faná’yán (Junún) (CE 1871–1945)—a shoemaker, Bahá’í and poet
Fanan, Afnan	Fanan, pl. Afnán	bough or twig. Afnán used to denote those indirectly related to the Báb (there were no surviving children), specifically of His three maternal uncles and His wife’s two brothers. Family name of Ṭúbá Khánum (daughter of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá) who married Mírzá Muḥsin. Children: Rúḥí, Suhayl, Fu’ád and Thurayyá.
Fani, Faniyat (Faniyyat)	Fání, pl. Fáníyát (Fániyyát)	frail, transitory, perishable, inconstant; tottering (old man); (in the parlance of the Sufis) one who has reached the state of faná’, or annihilation
Fanin	Fánin	evanescent, transitory, transient, ephemeral, vain; exhausted; far advanced in years, very old
Faniya, Fana’	Faniya (Faná’)	to pass away, perish, cease to exist, come to nought; to come to an end, cease, wane, dwindle, evanesce, vanish; to be extinguished, become extinct; to be exhausted, be consumed, be spent; to undergo obliteration of the self; to become totally absorbed (by). See Baqá’
Fann, Funun, Afnan, Afanin	Fann, pl. Funún, Afnán, Afánín	kind, specimen, variety;—pl. Afánín various sides (of something), diversity;—pl. Funún sciences, arts; modes, ways, manners; tricks, artifices; arts and sciences or technology. Thamarát al-Funún (1875–1908) “The fruits of the arts”, first Syrian Islamic newspaper.
Fannan (Fananan), Fannana, Fannanun	Fannán, fem. Fannána, pl. Fannánún	artist. Khazeh Fananapazir (Khaḍih Fannánpazír)
Faqa, (Fawq, Fawaq)	Fáqa (Fawq, Fawáq)	to surpass, excel, overtop (someone, something), tower (above); to be superior (to someone); to outweigh, outbalance; to transcend, exceed (something)
Faqara, Faqar	Faqára[h or t], pl. Faqár	back joint or vertebra
Faqih, Fuqaha	Faqíh, pl. Fuqahá’	legist, jurisprudent (and theologian), expert of fiqh
Faqir, Fuqara’	Faqír, pl. Fuqará’	poor, poverty-stricken; poor man, pauper; mendicant dervish, Sufi mendicant
Faqnas	Faqnas	phoenix
Faqr	Faqr	poverty; need, lack, want
Far, Farr	Far, Farr	Pers. beauty, comeliness, ornament, elegance, decoration; light, splendour, brilliancy, lustre; voice, sound; a feather; a torrent of water; justice; government; infliction of punishment; magnificence, glory, power, dignity, dominion, pomp, state
Far’, Furu’, Afru’	Far‘, pl. Furú‘, Afru‘	twig, branch, bough, limb, (also colloquial) branches, twigs; derivative; section, subdivision; branch office, subsidiary establishment, branch; branch line, feeder line; branch wire (electricity); a fundamental institution or doctrine. al-farú‘ or ‘ilm al-farú‘ the doctrine of the branches, i.e., applied fiqh, applied ethics (consisting in the systematic elaboration of canonical law in Islam)
Farab	Fáráb	land watered by irrigation. There are a number of places with this name: a village 60 km south of Ardabíl, Írán; Fáráb (Farap) a town in Turkmenistan adjacent to Alat (Olat), Uzbekistan; Farob a town in western Tajikistan.
Farabi	Fárábí	Abú Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al Fárábí (known in West as Alpharabius). Renowned Arab philosopher and jurist. Possibly born in Fáráb or Fáryáb, which one?
Faraburz, Fariburz	Faráburz, Faríburz	Pers. glorious and mighty. Name of a mighty champion and minister of Írán.
Farada, Faruda, Furud	Farada and Faruda (Furúd)	to be single, be alone; to be singular, be unique;—farada (furúd) to withdraw, retire, segregate (from)
Faraghih (Farugh)	Farághih	(Faraghe, Faragheh) village 160 km SW Yazd
Farah-Abad	Faraḥ-Ábád	“The Fair Abode of Joy”, palace near Tehran that was built by Muẓaffari’d-Dín
Farah, Afrah	Faraḥ, pl. Afráḥ	joy, gladness, glee, gaiety, hilarity, mirth, exhilaration, merriment, happiness; wedding;—pl. feast of rejoicing, celebration, festival, festivity; wedding (feast).
Farahan	Faráhán	merry, gay, cheerful, joyful, glad, delighted, happy. County in Markazí Province, Írán.
Farahangiz (Farahangise)	Faraḥángíz (Faraḥ+ángíz)	Faraḥángíz (Faraḥ) Khánum (1894–1967) was a niece of Fáṭimah Naḥrí (Munírih Khánum), sister of Dr Amínu’lláh (Amín) Faríd (their father was Mírzá Asadu’lláh-i-Iṣfahání), she married Sydney Sprague (1875–1943). All (including the father) were Covenant-Breakers. She owned a small piece of land in the area of the International Bahá’í Archives Building and resisted all efforts to purchase it for over 30 years—expropriated by the government in 1954. Sydney changed his mind in 1937, and eventually returned to the Bahá’í Faith in 1941.
Farahmand, Farhmand, Farhamand	Farahmand, Farhmand, Farhamand	Pers. intelligent, wise; near
Faraj, Faraja	Faraj, fem. Faraja[h or t]	freedom from grief or sorrow, release from suffering; joy; relaxation; relief, ease, repose, pleasure, comfort; happy ending
Faraju’llah	Faraju’lláh	God’s relief or rescue
Faraju’llah Dhaki al-Kurdi	Faraju’lláh Dhakí al-Kurdí	(not Zakí) Shaykh Faraju’lláh Dhakí al-Kurdí, a religious student at al-Azhar University who became a Bahá’í; and later an editor and publisher in Cairo
Faraju’llah Tafrishi	Faraju’lláh Tafrishí	Ḥájí Faraju’lláh Tafrishí (from Tafrish)
Faramarz	Farámarz	Pers. keeper of a citadel or fortress; name of the son of Rustam
Faramush	Fáramúsh	Pers. forgotten, forgetfulness
Faramush-Khanih	Farámúsh-Khánih	Pers. house of oblivion, Freemasonry headquarters, a corruption of franc-maçonnerie (Freemasonry)
Faran	Fárán	(from Hebrew ) desert, mountain, wilderness, etc. A small village in Ardistán (32.989358, 52.624571). See Párán.
Farang, Firing	Farang (hence Farangí), Firing	Pers. from old French word franc (“Frank”), an Italian, European; a Christian; all nations that wear short garments; ruddy, of pleasing aspect; a galley. See afranj and ifranjí
Farangis	Farangís	Pers. character in Sháhnáma, daughter of Afrásyáb, married to Siyáwush and mother of Kay Khusraw.
Faraqlit	Fáraqlíṭ (Fáriq + líṭ)	Arabic rendering of the Greek Paráklétos (Paraclete). “The Comforter”; defender, deputy, or intercessor; a distinguisher between truth and error. Bahá’u’lláh claimed to be the Father foretold by Isaiah and the Comforter covenanted by Jesus. (SLH p. 63)
Farash, Farasha, Farashah, Farashun	Farásh, fem. Farásha[h or t]	(Pers. “Farásháh”) moth; butterfly; flighty, fickle person. Farásháh (now Islámiyih, Eslamiyeh) is a town SW of Yazd, Írán. pl. faráshún, fem. faráshát.
Faraz	Faráz	Pers. above, up, upon, on, upwards, aloft, on the top; above and below, up and down; back, behind; after, hereafter
Farazistan	Farázistán	“The heavenly world”, title of a volume by Muḥammad Ismá‘íl Khán
Fard, Afrad, Furada	Fard, pl. Afrád, Furádá	alone, single; sole, only; solitary, lone, lonely; singular, unique, matchless, unrivaled, peerless, incomparable; one, a single one, a single thing, a single person, individual; odd, uneven (number)
Fard, Furud	Farḍ, pl. Furúḍ	notch, incision; duty, precept, injunction, order, decree, ordinance, command; religious duty (Islamic Law); statutory portion, lawful shore (Islamic Law); assumption, supposition, presupposition, premise, postulate, hypothesis
Farda	Fardá	Pers. tomorrow. A reply sometimes given to creditors since it never arrives
Farda	Farda[h or t] (fem. of Fard)	one part, one half, one of a pair
Farhad	Farhád	Pers. elation, happiness. A deserted village 12 km SSW of Níshápúr (36.113013, 58.741850), in the Central District of Nishapur County, Khorasan Province, Írán. Farhád is a famous character in Persian literature and Persian mythology. The story of his love with Shírín is one of the most famous love stories in Persian culture.
Farhan	Farhán	joyful, joyous, glad, happy; saucy
Farhand	Farhand	Pers. an excavation formed by a torrent; an artificial canal newly dug; a ditch; a stream above ground flowing from one spot to another; a subterraneous canal which works its way from one well to another; anything falling to pieces from age.
Farhang	Farhang	Pers. good-breeding; greatness; excellence; gravity; wisdom, science; jurisprudence, a dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary, glossary; a vine-branch bent under ground, so that the other extremity shoots up at a distance from the other trunk; a subterraneous canal
Farhangi	Farhangí	Pers. a preceptor, tutor, teacher, instructor; a man learned in the law.
Farhumand (Fahomand, Farhoumand)	Farhúmand	Pers. virtuous and enlightened
Fariba	Faríbá	Pers. charming, attractive, fem. name
Fariburz (Fariborz, Faribarz)	Faríburz	Pers. name of the son of Kay Káwús
Farid	Fáriḍ	old, advanced in years. ‘Umar ibn ‘Alí ibn al-Fáriḍ (1181–1234) was an Arab poet.
Farid, Farida, Fara’id	Faríd, fem. Farída[h or t], pl. Fará’id	alone, one, lonely, solitary; singular, unique, incomparable, matchless, peerless, unrivalled, incomparable; bright, glittering (sword); a precious gem, pearl, especially one of a larger size, or a bead of gold placed alternately between smaller ones in a necklace or bracelet. Kitábu’l-Fará’id (Book of peerless gems) by Mírzá Faḍl. Fará’id as-Simṭayn (“Two chains of pearls (on the virtues of ‘Alí, Fáṭima, the Imams and their descendants) i.e. two vols) by Ibráhim bin Muḥammad al-Ḥamawí al-Juwayní (1246–1322), mostly hadiths that are also found in Shi’ite sources.
Farida, Fara’d	Faríḍa(h), pl. Fará’ḍ	religious duty (Islamic Law); divine precept, ordinance of God (Islamic Law); obligatory prayer (Islamic Law);—pl. distributive shares in estate (Islamic Law)
Faridu’d-Din ‘Attar	Farídu’d-Dín ‘Aṭṭár	Great Persian mystic poet “the druggist”
Fariq, Fawariq	Fáriq, pl. Fawáriq	distinguishing, differential, distinctive, discriminative, separative;—pl. a separating or distinctive factor; distinctive characteristic, criterion; difference, distinction, dissimilarity, disparity
Faris, Farisa, Farisat, Fursan, Fawaris	Fáris, pl. Fursán, Fawáris (fem. Fárisa, pl. Fárisát)	mounted upon any solid-hoofed animal; a horseman, a cavalier (hence, a knight), rider; a lion; the Persians; Persia (also balad Fáris—land of Persia);—pl. cavalry. Shoghi Effendi used various terms for “Knights (Fárisán) of Bahá’u’lláh”: “Fárisán-i-Maydán-i-Iláhí”, the similar “Fárisán-i-Miḍmár-i-Iláhí” (“The knights of the divine arena”); “Fárisán-i-Jaysh-i-Iláhí” (“The knights of the divine army”), “Fárisán-i-Dilír-i-Ḥaḍrat-i-Bahá’u’lláh” (“The valiant knights of Bahá’u’lláh”), etc.
Farisi	Fárisí	Persian; a Persian
Farkhunda (Farkhundih)	Farkhunda	Pers. fem. happy; fortunate, prosperous
Farma	Farmá	One who issues orders. From the infinitive Farmúdan (to bid, to order), but never used alone, i.e. Farmán-Farmá, the one who establishes order; the Governor.
Farma	Farma	Pers. violet
Farmahin, Farahan	Farmahín, Farahán	Farmahín is in Farahán County and is 40 km north of Arák, Írán
Farman-Farma	Farmán-Farmá	the one who establishes or issues the order; the commander or governor. Title of Prince Ḥusayn ‘Alí Mírzá, grandson of Fatḥ-‘Alí-Sháh
Farman, Firman, Faraman	Farmán, Per. also Firmán, pl. Farámán	Royal decree, command, order or edict. Ar. plural also Faramát or Farámín
Farmaniyyih	Farmáníyyih	(“Farmanieh”) once a garden named after Prince Ḥusayn ‘Alí Mírzá, now a district in NE of Teheran
Farnaz	Farnaz	Old Pers. fem. name = far+náz: “the most beautiful”, “the most elegant”, “the most charming”
Farnush	Farnúsh	Pers. fem. name
Farrash-Bashi	Farrásh-Báshí	chief or head of the servant
Farrash, Farrashun	Farrásh, pl. Farráshún	one who spreads the carpets; servant, attendant; house servant, valet; office boy, errand boy
Farrukh	Farrukh	Pers. Beautiful-faced; happy, fortunate
Fars	Fárs	Pers. Persia, Parthia. Párs is the proper and original name of Írán, Arabs, who do not have the letter p in their language, replaced it by an F: Fárs. Also the name of a southern province.
Farsakh, Farasikh	Farsakh, pl. Farásikh	Ar. a farasang, a league; an hour; a long time; an interval; a chink, cleft; quiet, repose; perpetual; much. See farsang.
Farsang, Farsang-ha	Farsang, pl. Farsang-há	Pers. a historical Persian unit of distance; a parsang, league; the distance a laden mule can travel in an hour, which varied according to terrain and the speed of travel (about 4.8 to 5.6 km); 6.23 km in 19th century Persia; and 10 km in modern Írán and Türkiye. Derived from the Persian parsang (sang, “stone”, for stone markers (sára) placed by the road).
Farsh, Furush	Farsh, pl. Furúsh	furnishing; furniture, household effects; mat, rug, carpet; anything spread on the ground as bedding; foundation (architecture)
Farsi, Farsiyan	Fársí, pl. Fársiyán	modern (or new) Persian, also known by its endonym Fársí, has been “enriched by the wealth of Arabic, far more expressive, far more mellifluous than its Pársík forbear”. Muḥammad and the Course of Islám, p. 232 See Pársí and Pahlawí.
Fars-Namah (Farsnamah), Fars an-Nama	Fárs-Námih (Ar. Fárs an-Náma)	“The Book of Fárs”. A Persian-language history and geography of the Fars province, written between 1105 and 1116 during the Seljuk period.
Faruhar	Farúhar	Pers. possibly a form of Furúhar (same consonants)
Faruq (Faroogh)	Fárúq	very timorous. al-Fárúq “he who distinguishes truth from falsehood” (epithet Caliph ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭáb (2nd)). A village (29.965218, 53.046784) in Fars Province.
Farwardin (Farvardin)	Farwardín	Pers. first month of the Persian solar year; the 19th day of every month
Faryab, Faryaw, Firyab	Fáryáb, Fáryáw	Pers. ground watered by irrigation. Fáryáb (also Fíryáb), a village 140 km NE of Bandar Abbas, Írán; and another 195 km SW of Balkh, Afghánistán.
Farzad	Farzád	Pers. Far+zád (“greatness” or “majesty” + “born”), a male name “born into a great family”
Farzam	Farzám	Pers. worthy, suiting, befitting. Dr Arbáb Farzám
Farzan	Farzán	Pers. science, learning; strength, constancy; wise, learned
Farzanih-Mu’ayyad	Farzánih-Mu’ayyad	Manúchihr Farzánih-Mu’ayyad, martyred 1982
Fas, Fez or Fes	Fás	a city in northern inland Morocco. It is the second largest city in Morocco after Casablanca. For the fez (hat), see ṭarbúsh.
Fasa	Fasá	village (28.948488, 53.637617) SW Nayriz.
Fasaha	Faṣáḥa(h)	purity of the language; fluency, eloquence
Fashar, Fishar	Fashar, Fishár	Pers. a scattering; diffusion; compression, constriction, squeezing; the piercing of one thing with another
Fasih, Fusaha’, Fisah, Fusuh	Faṣíḥ, pl. Fuṣaḥá’, Fiṣáḥ, Fuṣuḥ	pure, good Arabic (language), literary; skilful in using the correct literary language; clear, plain, distinct, intelligible (language, speech); fluent, eloquent
Fasiq, Fasiqun, Fussaq, Fasaqa	Fásiq, pl. Fásiqún, Fussáq, Fasaqa	godless, sinful, dissolute, wanton, licentious, profligate, vicious, iniquitous, nefarious; trespasser, offender, sinner; fornicator, adulterer; a person not meeting the legal requirements of righteousness (Islamic Law)
Fasl al-Khitab, Faslu’l-Khitab	Faṣl al-Khiṭáb, Pers. Faṣlu’l-Khiṭáb	“sound or unmistakable judgement” (Fassl-ul-Khitab). The Conclusive Proof or The Decisive Decree by Mírzá Faḍl
Fasl, Fusul	Faṣl, pl. Fuṣúl	parting, disjunction, detachment, severance, sunderance, cutting off; separation; division, partition; discharge, dismissal.—plural: section, part; chapter; act (of a play); movement (of a symphony, etc.); article (in a newspaper); class, grade (school); season.
Fass, Fusus	Faṣṣ, pl. Fuṣúṣ	stone of a ring; clove (of garlic); segment (of an orange); lobe (anatatomy, botanical); joint; essence
Fassala, Fussila	Faṣṣala, Fuṣṣila	to detail, to enumerate; to expound, to elucidate, to explain; to make understandable, to clarify; to be made distinct
Fata	Fatá’	youth, boy, adolescence; a young man; a man-servant
Fata’	Fata’	forgetting; desisting
Fata’l-Malih	Fatá’l-Malíḥ	handsome young man
Fata’l-Qazvini	Fatá’l-Qazvíní	youth of Qazvín
Fatah, Fatayat	Fatáh, pl. Fatayát	(young) girl, young woman
Fataha	Fataḥa	to open (something); to turn on (a faucet); to switch on, turn on (an apparatus); to dig (a canal); to build (a road); to open, preface, introduce, begin (something); to conquer, capture (something); to reveal, disclose (to someone or something); to grant victory or success (to someone over or in something; of God).
Fatama, Fatm	Faṭama, Faṭm	to wean (an infant or a young animal
Fath-‘Ali	Fatḥ-‘Alí	Fatḥ-‘Alí Sháh Qájár (1772–1834), father of Muḥammad Sháh
Fath-al-Futuh	Fatḥ-al-Futúḥ	Victory of Victories
Fath-i-A’zam	Fatḥ-i-A‘ẓam	(“Fatheazam”) “supreme victory”. Hushmand Fatheazam [Húshmand Fatḥ-i-A‘ẓam] (1924–2013), member of the Universal House of Justice for 40 years (1963 until he retired in 2003).
Fath, Futuh, Futuhat	Fatḥ, pl. Futúḥ, Futúḥát	opening; introduction, commencement, beginning;—(pl. futúḥ, futúḥát) conquest; victory, triumph;—pl. futúḥát alms; donations, contributions
Fatha	Fatḥa(h or t)	the vowel point, the short vowel a (grammar). See ḍamma and kasra
Fathu’llah	Fatḥu’lláh (Fatḥ+Alláh)	“God’s opening" or “God’s conquest”
Fathu’llah-i-Hakkak	Fatḥu’lláh-i-Ḥakkák
Fathu’llah-i-Hakkak-i-Qumi	Fatḥu’lláh-i-Ḥakkák-i-Qumí
Fathu’llah-i-Qumi	Fatḥu’lláh-i-Qumí
Fatih, Fatiha (Pers. Fatihih), Fawatih	Fátiḥ, fem. Fátiḥa[h or t], pl. Fawátiḥ	opener; beginner; conqueror, victor; light (colour). Feminine: start, opening, beginning, commencement, inception, incipience; introduction, preface, preamble, proem. al-Fátiḥa (or as-Sab‘a al Mathání (the seven oft-repeated) since the verses of al-Fátiḥa must be read in every prayer) is the first surah (with 7 verses) of the Qur’án. See Qur’án 15:87. According to a ḥádíth and Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh, this súra was revealed twice—in Mecca and Medina—as was the Preamble to Lawḥ-i-Ishráqát. Iṣfahání Pers. Fátiḥih. See Ḥurúf Muqaṭṭa‘át.
Fatim, Fatima (Fatimih), Futum	Faṭím, fem. Fáṭima[h or t], pl.	weaned. Fem. a woman who weans her child; a female proper name. Fáṭima bint Muḥammad (CE 605 or 15–632), commonly known as Fáṭima az-Zahrá’, was the daughter of Muḥammad and wife of the Imám ‘Alí. Fáṭimih-Bagum was the mother of the Báb. Fáṭimih Khánum (b. 1828, m. 1849, d. 1904; referred to as Mahd-i-‘Ulyá), was the second wife of Bahá’u’lláh. Her children were: Ṣamadíyyih (daughter), and sons Muḥammad, Ḍíyá’u’lláh and Badí‘u’lláh. See umm al-Kitáb.
Fatima-i-Ma’sumih (Fatima Masumeh)	Fáṭima-i-Ma‘ṣúma	sister of the eighth Imam. Pers. Fáṭimih-i-Ma‘ṣúmih. DB p. 224 is incorrect.
Fatimi, Fatimiya	Fáṭimí, pl. Fáṭimíya(h or t)	Fatimite, a dynasty that reigned in Egypt from 908 to 1171
Fatimi, Fatimiyun	Fáṭimí, pl. Fáṭimíyún	Fatimid (adj. and n.); al-Fáṭimíyún, the Fatimids
Fatiq	Fatíq	unstitched, ripped, ripped open, slit, rent, torn; sharp, shining (dawn), eloquent
Fatir	Fáṭir	originator or creator. al-Fáṭir, the Creator (God)
Fatra, Fatarat	Fatra, Fatarát	lassitude, languor, listlessness, slackness, weakness, feebleness, debility; tepidity, indifference, coolness (of a feeling); (pl.) interval of time, intermission, pause; period, spell, while
Fattah	Fattáḥ	an opener (of the gates of profit, of sustenance; a conqueror; a judge, an arbiter; one of the names of God (al-Fattáḥ)); name of a bird. Derived from Fataḥa.
Fattuh (Fattouh, Fatou, Fatoo)	Fattúḥ	little conqueror; diminutive of Fattáḥ
Fatwa (Fatva), Fatwin, Fatawa	Fatwá, pl. Fatáwin, Fatáwá	formal (possibly non-binding) legal opinion (Islamic law), a judgement or sentence made by a recognized authority, a qualified jurist (muftí), in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. The stature of a muftí, and hence of their fatwá, derives from their reputation for scholarly expertise and upright character.
Fawa’id al-Hikmiyyah	al-Fawá‘id al-Ḥikmiyyah	(written by Shaykh Aḥmad-i-Aḥsá’í) observations in wisdom
Fawj (Fauj, Fouj, Fuj), Afwaj, Afwajan	Fawj, pl. Afwáj	group, crowd, troop, band; detachment; party; shift (in a mine); battalion; regiment. Afwájan in droves, in crowds.
Fawj-Dar (Fuzdar)	Fawj-Dár (“Fúzdár”)	Pers. (Fauj-dar, Fouj-dar, Foj-dar, Fuj-dar, Fauz-dar, Fouz-dar, Foz-dar, Fozdar, etc.). A police or military officer; a criminal judge.
Fawq	Fawq	being above, superior to (one’s fellows); superiority, excellence; the top, upper part; above, more than, beyond; besides, except. az fawq ámadan, Bahá’í expression for “come from on high” (i.e. from Haifa, or Shoghi Effendi, etc.)
Fawwar	Fawwár	boiling up, ebullient; effervescent, fizzing; bubbling (spring, etc.); foaming, frothy; hot-headed, irascible
Fawz (Fauz, Faouz)	Fawz	success, triumph, victory; obtainment, attainment, achievement, accomplishment; escape
Fawzi (Fauzi, Faouzi)	Fawzí	triumphal, triumphant
Fayd (Faid, Faiz), Fayz, Fuyud, Fiyud	Fayḍ, Pers. Fayẓ, pl. Fuyúḍ, Fiyúḍ	flood, inundation, deluge; emanation; superabundance, plenty, copiousness, abundance;—pl. stream.—pl. Fayúdát (Fayudat) emanations, bounties.
Fayd-i-Aqdas	Fayḍ-i-Aqdas	(“most holy outpouring”) Signifies revelation in the realm of absolute divine unity itself.
Fayd-i-Muqaddas	Fayḍ-i-Muqaddas	(“holy outpouring”) and “most holy outpouring” (fayḍ-i-aqdas), as symbols of differential stages of divine revelation (as discussed in The Kitáb-i-Íqán), may also be inferred from the title of The Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Fayḍ-i-Muqaddas signifies revelation and manifestation of the divine in the realm of creation. See Fayḍ.
Faydi (Faidi, Faizi), Fayzi	Fayḍí, Pers. Fayẓí	e.g. Afnán Fayḍí
Faydu’llah (Fazu’llah)	Fayḍu’lláh	abundance from God
Faylasuf (Failasuf), Falasifa	Faylasúf, pl. Falásifa	philosopher
Fayruz (Fairuz), Fayruzaj (Fairuzaj)	Fayrúz and Fayrúzaj	turquoise. In Egypt, the Sinai Peninsula (a modern name) is called Arḍ al-Fayrúz (“the land of turquoise”). The ancient Egyptian name was Ta Mefkat (“Land of turquoise”, ‘Ard al-Fayrúz in Arabic)
Fayruzabadi (Fairuzabadi, Firuz Abadi)	al-Fayrúzábádí	Muḥammad ibn Ya‘qúb al-Fayrúzábádí (1329–1414) was a lexicographer and the compiler of a comprehensive Arabic dictionary, al-Qámús, that was one of the most widely used for nearly 500 years
Faysal (Faizal)	Fayṣal	decisive criterion; arbitrator, arbiter. Fayṣal bin ‘Abdu’l-Ázíz, King of Saudi Arabia (1964 to 1975).
Fayyad	Fayyáḍ	overflowing, effusive, exuberant; elaborate, exhaustive (speech); munificent, bountiful, liberal, generous
Fi	Fí	(preposition) in; at; on; near, by; within, during; among, in the company of, with; about, on; concerning, regarding, with reference to, with regard or respect to, as to dealing with, treating of, consisting in (in book titles); for the sake of, on behalf of, because of, for; according to; in proportion to.
Fi Khalali and Fi Khilali	Fí Khalali and Fí Khiláli	during; in the course of, within, in a given period of
Fi’l	Fi‘l, pl. Af‘ál, Afá‘íl	activity, doing, work, action, performance; function;— (pl. af‘ál, fi‘ál) deed, act, action; effect, impact;— (pl. af‘ál) verb (gram.);—pl. afá‘íl great deeds, exploits, feats; machinations
Fi’s-Suluk	Fi’s-Sulúk I and II	“On the Virtuous Journey” by the Báb [elided form of: fí as-Sulúk]
Fida’	Fidá’	redemption, ransoming; ransom; price (one has to pay for something), sacrifice (one makes for something).
Fida’i, Fida’iyan	Fidá’í, pl. Fidá’iyán	one who sacrifices himself (especially for his country); especially the plural. Fadá’íyán-i-Islám: “Fedayeen of Islam” or “Devotees of Islam” (literally “Self-Sacrificers of Islam”) is a Shí‘a fundamentalist group in Írán with a strong activist political orientation. An alleged terrorist organization that sought to purify Islám in Írán by assassinating ‘corrupting individuals’.
Fidal	Fiḍál	grace, favour. Name given to Tuesday in Badí‘ calendar. See Faḍíl
Fidda, Fiddih (Fizza)	Fiḍḍa[h or t] (Pers. fem. Fiḍḍih)	silver. Name of the maid of the wife of the Báb. Pers. may be written as Fiẓẓa.
Fidya, Fidayat, Fidan	Fidya[h or t], pl. Fidayát, Fidan	ransom; redemption (from the omission of certain religious duties, by a material donation or a ritual act—Islamic law)
Fihris, Fihrist, Faharis	Fihris and Fihrist, pl. Faháris	table of contents, index; catalogue; list. al-Fihrist or Kitáb al-Fihrist by Muḥammad ibn Isḥáq. See Isḥáq.
Fikr	Fikr	meditation or reflection
Fikum	Fíkum	Fí+kum, on you
Fil, Fiyala, Fuyul, Afyal	Fíl, pl. Fiyala, Fuyúl, Afyál	(ivory) elephant; bishop (chess)
Fin	Fín	Pers. city (27.632331, 55.886223) and capital of Fín District in southern Írán. Bagh-i-Fín, a very old recreational garden (33.946123, 51.372367) with many water features fed by a spring, in southwestern Káshán, Írán. To the east is the former village of Fín-i-Buzurg (33.953073, 51.403053).
Findarisk, Galand, Garland	Findarisk or Garland	Pers. a small village (37.032943, 55.030977) west of the small city of Daland (60 km NE of Gúrgán and 12 km SW of Ázádshahr) in Golestan Province, Írán.
Findariski	Findariskí	of or from Findirisk. Abu’l-Qásim Findiriskí, known as Mír Findiriskí (b. ~1562–d. ~1640), was a philosopher and a scholar of Iṣfahán in the Safavid period.
Findik	Findík	Turkish “hazelnut”
Fiqh	Fiqh	understanding, comprehension; knowledge. Islamic jurisprudence
Fir’awn, Fara’ina	Fir‘awn, pl. Fará‘ina[h or t]	Pharaoh
Firaydan (Faridan, Feredan)	Firaydán (alt. pronunciation Farídán)	Pers. county in Iṣfahán Province. The capital of the county is Dárán (or Dárún).
Firaydani (Faridani, Feredani)	Firaydání	person from Firaydán
Faridun, Firidun, Afridun	Farídún, Firídún, Afrídún	Pers. also Faraydún, Firaydún (Fereydun, Fereidun, Firaydun, Fraydun, Freydun) an ancient and celebrated Persian king (mythical?), the commencement of whose reign is placed about 750 BCE. His sons were sons Túr (Túraj), Salm and Íraj.
Firayjat	Firayját	was a place on the banks of the Tigris River in what is now the Baghdád neighbourhood of al-Ṣáliḥíyah. Bahá’u’lláh stayed seven days in this area after leaving the Baghdád Riḍván Garden. It is about 5 km ENW of the garden.
Firdaws-i-A’la	Firdaws-i-A‘lá	“Supreme Paradise”
Firdawsi (Firdausi, Ferdowsi)	Firdawsí	paradisiacal, heavenly. Abu’l-Qásim Firdawsí Ṭúsí (c. 940–1020), or Ferdowsi (“Firdusi, Firdosi”) was a Persian poet and the author of Sháhnámah. Ferdowsi is celebrated as the most influential figure in Persian literature and one of the greatest in the history of literature.
Firdawsiyah (Ferdowsieh)	Firdawsíyah	Pers. paradise. Iranian city (35.602251, 51.063356) in Tehran Province.
Firishta, Firishtagan	Firishta, pl. Firishtagán	Pers. an angel; a messenger, apostle. Pers. form Firishtih (Fereshteh). See Ar. Mal’ak/Malak
Firman	Firmán	Pers. See Farmán
Firq	Firq	part, portion, division, section, unit; band, company, party, detachment, troop, group; herd, flock
Firqa, Firaq	Firqa(h or t), pl. Firaq	part, portion, division, section, unit; band, company, party, detachment, troop, group; class; grade, class (in school); pupils or students of a course; troupe, ensemble; team, crew; division (military); sect
Firush (Firosh), Firushan	Firúsh, pl. Furúshán	Pers. selling, a seller. Often added or hyphenated after another word indicating what type of goods are sold, e.g. dhughál-furúshán (“charcoal sellers”).
Firutan (Firotan), Furutan	Firútan, Furútan	Pers. lowly; humble, depressed; submissive. ‘Alí-Akbar Furútan (1905–2003), educator, author and Hand of the Cause of God.
Firuz (Firoz), Piruz (Piroz)	Fírúz, Pírúz	Pers. victorious, triumphant, prosperous, successful; victory; prosperity; the third of the five supplemental days added to the Persian year; name of several Persian kings. See Ẓáfir
Firuzabad (Fayruzabad)	Fírúzábád (Fayrúzábád)	city (28.845032, 52.571049) 85 km south of Shíráz
Firuz-Kuh, Firuzkuh	Fírúz-Kúh or Fírúzkúh	city (35.759529, 52.775432) 125 km east of Teheran
Firydunkinar (Fereydunkenar)	Firaydúnkinár (Firaydún Kinár)	also known as Qaşabih, is a city (36.684245, 52.524089) and capital of Fereydunkenar County, Mazandaran Province. It is a Caspian Sea resort.
Fishar-i-Qabr	Fishár-i-Qabr	Pers. constriction in the grave. Promised after death tortures leading to a fear of being squeezed in the grave.
Fisq	Fisq	sinfulness, viciousness, moral depravity, dissolute life
Fitna, Fitan	Fitna[h or t], pl. Fitan	temptation, trial; charm, attractiveness; enchantment, captivation, fascination, enticement, temptation; infatuation; intrigue; sedition, riot, discord, dissension, civil strife. Occurs when a Manifestation appears. See also Imtiḥán.
Fitr	Fiṭr	breaking fast, alms giving at ‘Íd al-Fiṭr (a Muslim festival marking the end of Ramaḍán)
Fitr, Aftar	Fitr, pl. Aftár	small div (the space between the end of the thumb and the end of the index finger when extended); corner
Fitra, Fitar	Fiṭra(t), pl. Fiṭar	creation; idiosyncrasy; tendency; wisdom, sagacity; deceit, trick; religion; the power of the Creator;—(pl.) nature, (natural) disposition, constitution, temperament, innate character, instinct
Fitrat	Fitrat	Ar. There are several meanings: original Reality, creating, and gap. Also the interval between two prophets, or the time between the martyrdom of the Báb and the rise of Bahá’u’lláh. (The Bahá’í Proofs, p. 66)
Fizan (Fezan), Fizzan (Fezzan, Fazzan)	Fízán (Turkish), Fizzán (Ar.)	“rough rocks”, a large south-western region (one of three) of modern Libya. It is largely desert, but broken by mountains, uplands, and dry river valleys (wadis) in the north, where oases enable ancient towns and villages to survive deep in the otherwise inhospitable Sahara Desert. The capital (near the centre) is Sabhá.
Friedberg	Friedberg	Beyle Friedberg (1864,–1944), a Russian-Jewish novelist, poet, and dramatist; better known by the pen names Isabella and Isabella Arkadevna Grinevskaya. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá sent a Tablet to her.
Fu’ad (Fuad), Fu’ada, Af’ida	Fu’ád, fem. Fu’áda[h or t], pl. Af’ida[h or t]	heart. Shoghi Effendi described the Shrine of the Báb as being the “Heart” of Mt. Carmel.
Fu’adiya, Fu’adiyya (Fu’adiyyih)	Fu’ádíya, Pers. Fu’ádiyya	Fu’ádíyyih, daughter (died in infancy) of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá and Munírih Khánum
Fuhayra	Fuhayra(h)	‘Ámir ibn Fuhayra (586–625) (also known by the kunya Abú ‘Amr) was a companion of Muḥammad. Of African ancestry, he was born a slave. He became a Muslim in Mecca and later was bought and manumitted by Abú Bakr. When Abú Bakr and Muḥammad escaped from Mecca in 622, ‘Ámir grazed Abú Bakr’s flocks by day, then brought them at evening to the cave on Mount Thawr (5 km south of Mecca) where Abú Bakr and Muḥammad were hiding, presumably so that the sheep would cover the tracks of Abú-Bakr’s son, ‘Abdu’lláh, who stayed near the cave overnight. When they left the cave to travel to Medina, ‘Ámir accompanied them.
Fujita	Fujita	Mr Saichirō Fujita (1886–1976), a native of Yamaguchi Prefecture, was the second Japanese to become a Baháʼí. He was also distinguished by serving at the Baháʼí World Centre for ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi, the Custodians, and the Universal House of Justice.
Fulad Maḥallih (Foulad-Mahalleh)	Fúlád Maḥallih	a village (36.060963, 53.707101) in Semnan Province
Fulad, Fuladi	Fúlád, adj. Fúládí and Fuládí	steel, of steel, made of steel; steely, steel-like, steel-hard
Fulan, Fulana	Fulán, fem. Fulána	(substituting for an unnamed or unspecified person or thing) so and so
Fulk	Fulk (m. and f.)	ship, (also collective) ships; Ark (as in Noah’s)
Funduq, Funduqa (Findik)	Funduq, Funduqa	Pers. hazelnut of filbert-nut; a nut good against the sting of a scorpion; a ball for cannon, musketry, or cross-bow. Ar. Bunduq, Turk. Findík
Furat	Furát	Pers. very fine, sweet water or waters; the river Euphrates; the sea
Furqan	Furqán	proof, evidence, discriminator, distinguishing; whatever discriminates between truth and falsehood, the Qur’án, any sacred book. An important attribute of al-Qur’án (see 2:185) is that of distinction (furqán), for the word Qur’án describes how al-Qur’án is recited, whereas the word Furqán describes the criterion that distinguishes between truth (ḥaqq) and falsehood (báṭil) (see 25:1). Name of sura 25.
Furs	Furs	Persia; the Persians
Fursi	Fursí	(Pers. Ar. influence) Persian
Furugh	Furúgh	Ar. emptiness, vacuity; vacancy; termination, expiration, exhaustion
Furugh	Furúgh	Pers. splendour, light, brightness, flame. Name given by Bahá’u’lláh to the remote village of Dúghábád. See Dúgh-Ábád
Furughi	Furúghí	(Forooghy) the erudite Mírzá Maḥmúd Mírzá Maḥmúd Furúghí came from the village of Dúghábád. That is why Mírzá Maḥmúd is known as Furúghí. Faḍíl-i-Furúghí—the Savant of Furúgh—is also an appellation by which he is remembered. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá described him as a leader of the legion of the believers. Eminent Bahá’ís in the Time of Bahá’u’lláh, pp. 157, 164. See jaysh ‘aramram.
Furughiyyih	Furúghíyyih	name of a daughter of Bahá’u’lláh
Furuhar, Farawahar (Faravahar)	Furúhar, Farawahár	classical Pers. matter, essence (distinguished from accident). The new Persian reading of Furúhar (FRWHR فروهر) is Farawahár, Faravahár, Forouhar. The Farawahár, also known as Farr-i-Kiyání (فرکیانی) or Ashu Farúhar, is one of the best-known symbols of Írán. It symbolizes Zoroastrianism and Iranian nationalism. The Farawahár is the most worn pendant among Iranians and has become a secular national symbol, rather than a religious symbol. It symbolizes good thoughts (pindár-i-nik), good words (speech) (guftár-i-nik) and good deeds (kirdár-i-nik), which are the basic tenets and principles of Zoroastrianism. The winged-disc symbol (“guardian angel”) of Zoroastrianism is traditionally interpreted as a depiction of a frawashi—the Avestan language term for the Zoroastrian concept of a personal spirit of an individual, whether dead, living and yet-unborn.
Fustat, Fasatit	Fusṭáṭ, pl. Fasáṭíṭ	(large) tent made of haircloth; tent, pavilion, canopy; al-Fusṭáṭ ancient Islamic city 5 km south of present-day Cairo. It was the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule. Built by the Muslim general ‘Amr ibn al-‘Aṣ immediately after the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641, and featured the Mosque of ‘Amr, the first mosque built in Egypt and in Africa.
Fususu’l-Hikam	Fuṣúṣu’l-Ḥikam	The Bezels of Wisdom by Ibnu’l-‘Arabí. See Faṣṣ and Ḥikma
Futa, Fuwat	Fúṭa(t), pl. Fuwat	apron, pinafore; napkin, serviette; towel. Wrap-around male skirt worn by men in Yemen.
Futuh ar-Rasul	Futúḥ ar-Rasúl	“Victories of the Messenger”. It is possible the Báb travelled on a ship of this name from Búshihr to Jiddah in 1844.
Futuhat al-Makkiyah	Futúḥát al-Makkiyyah	Kitáb al-Futúḥát al-Makkiyyah, “The Book of Meccan Revelations” by Shaykh ibn ‘Arabí. See Fataḥa and Makkí.

Top -s A B C D E FGH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
G
Gabr	Gabr	Pers. (Persian ethnic slur for non-Muslims; also historically equivalent to the Arabic Majús) a guebre (also geubre, gabrak, gawr, gaur, gyaur, gabre) originally an ancient Persian (i.e. a Zoroastrian), one of the Magi of the sect of Zoroaster (a priest of the worshippers of fire); by the 13th century the word denoted a pagan, an infidel; a plant resembling ginger; a vest; a stone. After gabr came to have a pejorative implication, it was superseded in literature by the respectable Zartushtí (“Zoroastrian”). See gawr.
Gach	Gach	Pers. a kind of white earth of which lime is made of; a plaster of lime and gypsum mixed with sand and pounded marble.
Gaf	Gáf	Persian letter representing g—a form of the Arabic letter káf
Gah-bar, Gah.Barba, Gahanbarha	Gáh-bár, Gáh-bárhá, Gáhanbárhá	Pers. “proper season”, the six days or periods in which (according to the cosmogony of the ancient Persians) God created the world.
Gallipoli	Gallipoli	Italian form of the Greek Kallipolis (“beautiful city”), Turkish Gelibolu. Gallipoli is a coastal city on the Gallipoli peninsula, which was a district of the Rumelia province of the Ottoman Empire, later Turkey, and now Türkiye.
Ganavih (Genaveh)	Ganávih	Bandar (Port) Ganávih, or Ganávih, formerly Jannáb, is a city in and capital of Genaveh County, Bushehr Province, Írán. It is on the Persian Gulf coast 75 km NNW of Búshihr
Gand	Gand	Pers. anything fetid, bad smell, stink, funk. Can result from a mispronounciation of qand
Gandum	Gandum	Pers. wheat
Gandum-Pak-Kun	Gandum-Pák-Kun	Mullá Muḥammad Ja‘far—the first person in Iṣfahán to accept the Faith of the Báb
Ganj	Ganj	Pers. a store, hoard, (hidden) treasure; a magazine, granary, grain-market, storehouse; a mart; a case
Ganj Panhan, Ganj Pinhan	Ganj Panhán	Pers. “hidden treasure”. The Báb called Quddús a Ganj Pinhán Khudá (a “Hidden treasure of God”). Ganj-i-Pinhán by Hooshmand Dehghan.
Ganja, Ganjih, Ganjeh, Ganza, Gandzha	Ganja	city (40.691348, 46.376470; 3rd largest) in Ádharbayján. It was named Yelizavetpól (Elisabethpol) in the Russian Empire period. Under the Soviet Union (1920), the city regained its original name, then changed to Kirovabád in 1935. In 1989 the city regained its original name. Known as Gyandzha, Gandzak, and Ganjeh in Russian, Armenian and Persian, respectively.
Gar	Gár	Pers. a suffix that, subjoined to a word, denotes agency or possession
Garb	Garb	west; occident; vehemence, violence, impetuosity, tempestuousness; al-Garb—the West, the Occident
Garbi	Garbí	western, westerly; occidental, Western; European; an Occidental, a Westerner;—al-Garbíyún the Western Church (Christian)
Gardan	Gardán	Pers. turning, winding, changing, inverting, converting; one who turns or goes round; conjugation, inflexion; meat parboiled and roasted with spices
Gardanih-i-Asad-Abad	Gardánih-i-Ásad-Ábád	(Gardaneh-ye-Asadabad) a stopping place (34.812973, 48.162259) for Bahá’u’lláh during exile between Hamadán and Ásad-Ábád.
Gari	Garí	Pers. any standard of measure, whether for land, cloth, grain, liquids, or time; a measure of time, twenty-two minutes and thirty seconds; the itch, scab. Practice, trade, craft, office (when used as a suffix).
Garm Rud, Garmrud (Garmroud)	Garm Rúd (or Garmrúd)	village northern Írán (16 km SSE of Sárí). Pers.: warm or hot (garm) flowing water (rúd)
Garm-Siri	Garm-Sírí	“warm place”
Gawhar (Gohar, Gauhar, Guhar)	Gawhar	Pers. a gem, jewel, pearl, precious stone; lustre of a gem or sword; root, origin; of a noble family; essence, substance, form; offspring; any hidden virtue; intellect, wisdom; a substitute. See jawhar
Gawhar Khanum	Gawhar Khánum	third wife of Bahá’u’lláh (broke Covenant after the passing of Bahá’u’lláh)—her daughter is Furúghíyyih
Gawhar-Maliki	Gawhar-Malikí	Royal jewel
Gawhar-Shad	Gawhar-Shád	“joyful or shining jewel”. Name (“Gowharshad Begum”) of the wife of Sháhrukh, and a large congregational mosque in Mashhad (36.287504, 59.614551).
Gawhar, Gawharan	Gawhar, pl. Gawharán	Pers. (“Gohar”, “Gauhar”, “Guhar”) a gem, jewel, pearl, precious stone; lustre of a gem or sword; root, origin; of a noble family; element, essence, substance, form; offspring; any hidden virtue; intellect, wisdom; a substitute. See jawhar.
Gawhardasht (Gawhar Dasht)	Gawhardasht (Gawhar + Dasht)	(“Gohardasht”) formerly Rajá‘í Shahr, a neighbourhood (with prison, Gawhardasht Zindán) on north side of Karaj
Gawr (Gaur), Gawran (Gauran)	Gawr, pl. Gawrán	Pers. a pagan, infidel, guebre, or worshipper of fire
Gawr (Gavr), Gawur	Gáwr, Gáwur	Pers. (for gabr?), an infidel
Gaziantep, ‘Ayntab, Antep	Gaziantep, ‘Ayntáb	Turkish previously and still informally called Aintab or Antep, is a city (37.068339, 37.386658) in the westernmost part of Turkey’s South-eastern Anatolia Region.
Gha’i	Ghá’í	final
Gha’ib	Ghá’ib	invisible world; the invisible being, God, the Deity; (in grammar) the third person. See Ghayb.
Ghadanfar	Ghaḍanfar	lion
Ghadir Khumm	Ghadír Khumm	is a pool fed by a spring. Muḥammad gave a speech (during which he designated ‘Alí as the leader of the Muslim ummah) on 18th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah AH 10 (CE 632) at Ghadír Khumm (22.739690, 39.137236), 4.5 km WNW of al-Juḥfah. See Juḥfa.
Ghadir, Ghudur, Ghudran	Ghadír, pl. Ghudur, Ghudrán	pond, pool, puddle; stream, brook, creek, river
Ghafara, Gafr, Maghfira, Ghufran	Ghafara, Ghafr, Maghfira, Ghufrán	to forgive (someone something), grant pardon (to someone for something), remit (something)
Ghaffar (“Gaffar”)	Ghaffár	readily inclined to pardon, much-forgiving (especially of God). ‘Abdu’l-Ghaffár is claimed to be the real name of Noah. See Núḥ.
Ghaffari	Ghaffárí	Pers. Iranian family name.
Ghafir	Gháfir	forgiving; merciful, compassionate
Ghafr, Ghufur	Ghafr, pl. Ghufúr	covering; pardoning (sins); laying up, enclosing in a case or in a repository; rankling, being raw (a wound); relapsing (a sick person); relapse; tingeing, dyeing (grey hair)
Ghafra	Ghafrá	forgiving. Abí Ghafráy-i-Ṭá’i‘. See SDC 48.
Ghafur	Ghafúr	readily inclined to pardon, much-forgiving (esp. of God)
Ghali	Ghalí	Pers. dear, highly-priced
Ghalib	Ghálib	overcoming, overpowering; prevailing, predominant; triumphant, victorious; a conqueror; Port Ghálib, Red Sea, Egypt. Mírzá Asadu’lláh Baig Khán (1797–1869), was a prominent Urdu and Persian poet during the last years of the Mughal Empire. His pen names were Ghálib and Asad. Honourifics: Dabíru’l-Mulk, Najmu’d-Dawla.
Ghalin, Ghula	Ghálin, pl. Ghulá[h or t]	expensive, high priced; valuable, costly; dear, beloved;—pl. adherent of an extreme sect; extremist; exaggerator, radical; fanatic adherent, fanatic. A Shí‘a term for theological extremists who go beyond what is considered reasonable in what they claim about Muḥammad and the Imams. The Shaykhis and Babis fall into this category.
Ghalwa, Ghalwat	Ghalwa[h or t], pl. Ghalwát	the shooting of an arrow as far as possible; bow-shot distance (≈230 m); the utmost stretch of a horse. See Manzil.
Ghamam, Ghamamun, Ghama’im	Ghamám, pl. Ghamá’im	clouds (collective noun Ghamámun)
Ghamim	Ghamím	milk thickened by boiling; sour, coagulated milk; Kurá‘u’l-Ghamím (Kurá‘ al-Ghamím), a valley NW of Mecca on the main route to Madínah
Ghani	Ghaní	rich, wealthy; independent, self-sufficient (able to do without, detached). Khájih Ghaní or ‘Abdu’l-Ghaní Baydún
Ghaní ad-Dahr	Ghaní ad-Dahr	the appreciative
Ghani, Ghunat	Ghání, pl. Ghunát	rich; able to do without, detached
Ghanim	Ghánim	Ar. successful
Ghanima, Ghana’im	Ghaníma(h), pl. Ghaná’im	spoils, booty, loot, prey
Ghannam	Ghannám	shepherd. House of Sulaymán-i-Ghannám in Baghdád. See Bayt-i-A‘ẓam
Ghar, Aghwar, Ghiran	Ghár, pl. Aghwár, Ghírán	cave, cavern
Gharb	Gharb	being hid; going, departing, going to a great distance or to one side; the place where the sun sets; sunset; the West; Africa; being shed (tears); the flowing of tears
Gharbi	Gharbí	west, western, westerly; exposed to the setting sun; e.g. Gaz-i-Gharbí, western Gaz, village located west of the village of Gaz, and south of Bandar-i-Gaz
Ghariq, Gharqa	Gharíq, pl. Gharqá	drowned; a drowned person; immersed, engrossed, absorbed (in). Abjad value of 1,310. Nabíl drowned in AH 1310—the year began 26 July 1892.
Ghars, Aghras, Ghiras	Ghars, pl. Aghrás, Ghirás	planted (abjad 1,260);—pl. plant, layer, cion, nursery plant, seedling
Gharsa (Gharasa, Gharasih)	Gharsa[h or t]	plant. Abjad value of 1,265
Gharsi	Gharsí	abjad value of 1,270
Ghashiya, Ghawashin	Gháshiya(h or t), pl. Ghawáshin	pericardium; misfortune, calamity, disaster; faint, swoon; insensibility, stupor; servants, attendants, retinue; a covering. al Gháshiyah, the overwhelming event, Súra 88.
Ghashiyatun, Ghawash	Gháshiyatun fem., pl. Ghawash	something that covers or overwhelms; a covering, an overwhelming calamity. Qur’án 12:107.
Ghasil	Ghasíl	washed; (dirty or washed) clothes, washing
Ghassan, Ghasasinah	Ghassán	prime; vigour (of youth); the impetuosity of youth. al-Ghasásinah (Ghassanids), also Banú Ghassán (“Sons of Ghassán”), were a pre-Islamic Arab tribe that founded an Arab kingdom. The Christian Ghassanid Dynasty were descendants of the al-Azd tribe from Yemen who migrated in the early 3rd century to the Levant region.
Ghataf	Ghaṭaf	comforts (of life); bigness of the eye; length of the eye-lashes
Ghatafan	Ghaṭafán	name of an Arab tribe
Ghawgha’ (Ghaugha’)	Ghawghá’ (Pers. also Ghawghá)	mob, rabble, riffraff, din, noise, clamour
Ghawr (Ghaur), Aghwar	Ghawr, pl. Aghwár	bottom; declivity, depression; depth (also figurative); al-Ghawr designates part of the Syrian Graben that constitutes the Jordan Valley (Ghawr al-Urdunn), usually considered to be the valley south of Tiberias.
Ghawth	Ghawth	call for help; help, aid, succour
Ghawthiya, Ghawthiyyih	Ghawthíya[h or t], Ghawthiyyih	The state or quality of a ghauth (ghauth), saintship, sanctity; devoteeism. Garden of Ghawthiyyih—riyáḍ al-ghawthiyya—(loosely) “Garden of Intercessory Sainthood”.
Ghayb (Ghaib)	Ghayb, pl. Ghuyúb	absence; hidden, concealed, invisible;—(pl.) that which is hidden, the invisible; that which is transcendental, the supernatural; divine secret. (invisible realm)
Ghayba (Ghaiba)	Ghayba(t)	absence; concealment, invisibility; occultation. State of being hidden from view. See Tablet of Aḥmad
Ghaybat al-Kubra	al-Ghaybat al-Kubrá	Major Occultation (c. AH 329/941–AH 1260/1844). See appended Occultation note.
Ghaybat as-Sughra	al-Ghaybat aṣ-Ṣughrá	Minor Occultation (AH 260/CE 874–c. 941). The “Deputies” or “Gates” during the Minor Occultation: ‘Uthmán ibn Sa‘íd, his son Muḥammad ibn ‘Uthmán, Ḥusayn ibn Rúḥ and ‘Alí ibn Muḥammad Símarí. See appended Occultation note.
Ghaym (Ghaim), Ghuyum, Ghiyam	Ghaym, pl. Ghuyúm, Ghiyám	(collective) clouds; mist, fog
Ghaym ar-Raqiq	Ghaym ar-Raqíq	thin cloud
Ghayn	Ghayn	Arabic letter transcripted as gh
Ghayr (Ghair)	Ghayr	other than (with dependent genitive), different from, unlike, no, not, non-, un-, in-, dis-; (preposition) ghayra except, save, but
Ghayr (Ghair), Ghayra (Ghair)	Ghayr	other than (with dependent genititive), different from, unlike, no, not, non-, un-, in-, dis-; (preposition) ghayra except, save, but
Ghayr Mutashabih	Ghayr Mutashábíh	unambiguous
Ghayra (Ghaira)	Ghayra[h or t]	jealously; zeal, fervor, earnest concern, vigilant care, solicitude (for); sense of honour, self-respect. Ghayrah ar-Rabb (“zeal of the Lord”), Isaiah 9:7.
Ghayriya (Ghairiya)	Ghayríya[h or t]	altruism. Also change, alteration; strangeness, unreality; jealousy.
Ghayur (Ghayoor), Ghuyur, Ghayuran	Ghayúr, pl. Ghuyur, Pers. Ghayúrán	(very) jealous; zealous, fervid, eager (in, in the pursuit of), keen, eagerly intent (on), earnestly concerned (with), enthusiastic (for). A character, infamous for his moral laxity and indifference to honour and fidelity, mentioned in Ottoman Turkish sources.
Ghaz, Ghazat	Gház, pl. Gházát	gas; petroleum, oil (north African)
Ghazal	Ghazal	to sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures; a poetic form consisting of rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same metre. See Ghazl.
Ghazal, Ghazala, Ghizla, Ghizlan	Ghazál, fem. Ghazála[h]	gazelle; a village near or now in Tús (see Ghazálí);—pl. Ghizla, Ghizlán
Ghazali	Ghazálí	a native of Ghazál. Abú Ḥámid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭúsí al-Ghazálí (c. 1058–1111), Persian, was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mystics of Sunni Islám. His tomb is on the northern edge of Tús. Known in the West as Algazel.
Ghazi	Ghází	gaseous, gas-like. ghází a conqueror, hero, gallant soldier (especially combating infidels); a general, leader of an expedition; see Gházin.
Ghazin, Ghuzah, Ghazi	Gházin, pl. Ghuzáh	one who carries out a military expedition or a foray; raider, invader, aggressor, conqueror; al-ghází the war lord, warrior champion, ghazi
Ghazl, Ghuzul	Ghazl, pl. Ghuzúl	spinning;—pl. spun thread, yarn. Same Arabic letters as Ghazal.
Ghazna	Ghazná or Ghazní	“jewel”, city (historically known as Ghaznín or Ghazna(h)) in Afghánistán 128 km SW of Kabul
Ghazwa, Ghazawat	Ghazwa(h or t), pl. Ghazawát	military expedition, foray; raid, incursion, inroad, invasion, attack, aggression; conquest; campaign of conquest. See Mu’ta
Ghazwat al-Khandaq	Ghazwat al-Khandaq	“Battle of the Trench”, also known as the Battle of Khandaq (Ma‘rakah al-Khandaq) and the Battle of the Confederates (Ghazwat al-Aḥzáb), was a 30-day-long siege of Yathrib (now Medina) by Arab and Jewish tribes, Jan-Feb 627 (AH 5)
Ghazwat Khaybar	Ghazwat Khaybar	the Battle of Khaybar, fought in 628 between Muslims and the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, 140 km NNW of Medina
Ghazza	Ghazza	Gaza (seaport in the Gaza strip)
Ghazzi	Ghazzí	gauze
Ghifar	Ghifár	a helmet; father of the Banú Ghifár
Ghill, Aghlal	Ghill, pl. Aghlál (used by Bahá’u’lláh)	rancour, hatred, spite, malice. See ghull and mughill.
Ghina	Ghiná	being rich, riches, wealth. “Guinea” may be derived from a contraction of Balad al-Ghiná (“land of riches”)
Ghina’	Ghiná’	singing, vocal song without music
Ghirsh, Ghursh, Ghurush	Ghirsh, Ghursh, pl. Ghurúsh	silver coin, piaster
Ghita’, Aghitiya	Ghiṭá’, pl. Aghṭiya(h)	cover, covering, integument, wrap, wrapper, wrapping, envelope; covering (= clothing); lid
Ghiyath	Ghiyáth	help, succour. Abjad 1,511
Ghulam al-Khuld	Ghulám al-Khuld	Tablet of the Deathless Youth by Bahá’u’lláh
Ghulam-Ahmad	Ghulám-Aḥmad	Mírzá Ghulám-Aḥmad (1839–1908) of Qádiyán, India. Followers later split into Aḥmadíyyah and Qádiyáníyyah.
Ghulam-Husayn	Ghulám-Ḥusayn
Ghulam-Rida	Ghulám-Riḍá
Ghulam-Riday-i-Kuchik	Ghulám-Riḍáy-i-Kúchik
Ghulam-Riday-i-Yazdi	Ghulám-Riḍáy-i-Yazdí
Ghulam, Ghilman, Ghilma	Ghulám, pl. Ghilmán, Ghilma[h or t]	boy, youth, lad; slave; servant, waiter. 1. Slave-soldiers and/or mercenaries in armies by Islamic states from the early 9th century to the early 19th century. 2. The Qur’án 52:24 mentions ghilmán who are servant boys provided especially for believers in heaven. Some suggest that in heaven the ghilmán might be the male equivalent of the beautiful female húr that the faithful marry in heaven.
Ghulaman, Gholaman, Qulaman	Ghulámán, Qulámán	is a village (38.057515, 57.141576) in Gholaman Rural District, Raz and Jargalan District, Bojnord County, North Khorasan Province, Írán (on the Turkish-Iranian border)
Ghulamu’llah	Ghulámu’lláh	servant of God. son of Javáv-i-Qazvíní
Ghull, Aghlal, Ghullun	Ghull, pl. Aghlál, Ghullún	burning thirst; (—pl. aghlál) iron collar; manacles, handcuffs;—pl. chains, shackles, fetters
Ghuluw	Ghulúw	exceeding of proper bounds, excess, extravagance; exaggeration
Ghuluww, Ghaliyya	Ghuluww, Gháliyya	exaggeration, extremism
Ghusl, Aghsal	Ghusl, pl. Aghsál	washing, ablution; the major ritual ablution, i.e., a washing of the whole body (Islamic Law); wash water
Ghusn-i-A’zam	Ghuṣn-i-A‘ẓám	Most Great or Greatest Branch, ‘Abdu’l-Bahá
Ghusn-i-Akbar	Ghuṣn-i-Akbar	Greater Branch, Mírzá Muḥammad-‘Ali. Later described as the Greater Firewood since his deeds demonstrated that a dead branch is worthy of a fire.
Ghusn-i-Anwar	Ghuṣn-i-Anwar	"the Most Luminous Branch", a title invented by Dr Khayr'lláh for Mírzá Badí'u'lláh.
Ghusn-i-Athar	Ghuṣn-i-Aṭhar	"Purest Branch" or "Purer Branch". Title given to Mírzá Mihdí by Bahá'u'lláh.
Ghusn-i-Mumtaz	Ghuṣn-i-Mumtáz	The Chosen Branch i.e. Shoghi Effendi
Ghusn, Ghusun, Aghsan	Ghuṣn, dual Ghuṣún, pl. Aghṣán	twig, bough, limb, branch. Aghṣán (branches) denotes the descendants of Bahá’u’lláh. Only two Aghṣán are mentioned in the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd: Ghuṣn-i-A‘ẓám (‘Abdu’l-Bahá) and Ghuṣn-i-Akbar (Mírzá Muḥammad-‘Ali)
Ghusniyyih	Ghuṣniyyih	Pers. followers of Mírzá Muḥammad ‘Alí, the “Ghuṣn-i-Akbar”, the half-brother of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá
Ghusnu’llahu’l-A’zam	Ghuṣnu’lláhu’l-A‘ẓam	“The Greatest Branch of God” BKG 250, 311, 420, 485
Ghusnu’llahu’l-Athar	Ghuṣnu’lláhu’l-Aṭhar	“The Purest Branch of God”
Gilan	Gílán	a northern province of Írán on the Caspian Sea.
Gilani	Gílání	Pers. a native of Gílán
Gilim (Kilim)	Gilím	Pers. (Turkish kilim, Azerbaijani kílím) a garment made of goats’ hair or wool; a carpet or rug to lie on; a blanket
Giltughi	Giltúghí	Ḥájí Káẓim Giltúghí
Giran (Garan)	Girán	Pers. heavy, weighty, ponderous; slow; great, important, difficult; precious, dear, valuable; gain, profit; penury
Gird	Gird	Pers. round; a circle, orbit, circumference, circuit; environs, parts adjacent; a collection, assembly; a host; a city; a tent, pavilion; (adverb) around
Girih	Girih	Pers. a knot, a knur (as in a thread or on wood), a knob, a joint; a button or anything for fastening garments; a gland; a kernel; a purse; an abscess; a knuckle; articulation; three finger-breadths; a difficulty; the seed of a thorny tree used for tanning; the heart
Gisu (Gesu), Gisuwan (Gesuwan)	Gísú, pl. Gísúwán	Pers. a ringlet of hair, a forelock, a sidelock, curl;—pl. hair, locks. Daughter of Dr Raḥmatu’lláh Muhájir.
Giwah (Givah, Giveh, Giwa)	Giwah	Pers. a soft, comfortable, durable and hand woven-top shoe common in several parts of Írán especially in rural and mountainous areas of Kirmánsháh Province.
Goumoens	Goumoëns	city in Switzerland. Austrian Captain Alfred von Goumoëns witnessed and reported on the attempted assassination of Náṣir ad-Dín Sháh on 15 August 1852. His 29 August 1852 letter was first published in German in the Austrian newspaper Oesterreichischer Soldatenfruend (“Austrian Soldier Friend”), 12 October 1852, vol. 123, p. 514.
Guardian	Guardian	Title given to Shoghi Effendi by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá: “After the passing away of this wronged one, it is incumbent upon the Aghsán, the Afnán of the Sacred Lote-Tree, the Hands of the Cause of God and the loved ones of the Abhá Beauty to turn unto Shoghi Effendi—the youthful branch branched from the two hallowed and sacred Lote-Trees and the fruit grown from the union of the two offshoots of the Tree of Holiness,—as he is the sign of God, the chosen branch, the Guardian of the Cause of God [Walíy-i-Amru’lláh].... He is the Interpreter of the Word of God ....” (The Will and Testament, p. 11)
Guftar	Guftár	Pers. speech, conversation; a saying; a chapter
Guftgu	Guftgú	Pers. parley
Gugan (Gavgan (Gav-Gan), Gavkan)	Gúgán	village 50 km SW of Tabríz. Letters transcribe as “Gawgán”
Guhar (Gohar), Gawhar (Gauhar)	Guhar, Gawhar	Pers. a gem, jewel, pearl, precious stone; lustre of a gem or sword; root, origin; of a noble family; essence, substance, form; offspring; any hidden virtue; intellect, wisdom
Gul-i-Gulab	Gul-i-Guláb	red rose, literally, “the flower of the rose-water”. See Ar. Jull and Julláb
Gul-i-Mawla	Gul-i-Mawlá	“the master’s rose”. name given to Darvish Siḍq-‘Alí
Gul-Muhammad (Gulmuhammad)	Gul-Muḥammad	GPB p. 200
Gul-Muhammadi (GulMuhammadi)	Gul-Muḥammadí	Ar. Dhabíḥu’lláh Gul-Muḥammadí or Pers. Zabíḥu’lláh Gulmuḥammadí
Gul-Saba	Gul-Sabá	Pers. Sheba rose
Gul, Gulan, Gulha	Gul, pl. Gulán (Gulhá)	Pers. a rose; a flower; embers; a red colour. See Ar. Jull
Gulab	Guláb	Pers. rose water. gul (flower) + áb (water).
Guldan, Guldana (Guldanih)	Guldán, fem. Guldána[h]	Pers. gul (flower) + dán (suffix, holder, pot, vase). Guldánih ‘Alipúr
Gulistan (Golestan)	Gulistán	Pers. flower garden, rose garden; place where flowers grow. Gulistán-i-Sa‘dí, a celebrated Persian book (CE 1258) in prose and verse, by Abú-Muḥammad Muṣliḥ ad-Dín bin ‘Abdu’lláh Shírází (better known by his pen-name Sa‘dí) (1175–1291). Book structure: Introduction and 8 chapters, each consisting of a number of stories and poetry: 1. The Manners of Kings; 2. On the Morals of Dervishes; 3. On the Excellence of Contentment; 4. On the Advantages of Silence; 5. On Love and Youth; 6. On Weakness and Old Age; 7. On the Effects of Education; 8. On Rules for Conduct in Life. Kákh-i-Gulistán (Golestan Palace) is the former royal Qajar complex in Ṭihrán.
Gulistan-i-Javid	Gulistán-i-Jávid	Pers. “eternal garden”, name given to Bahá’í cemeteries in Írán
Gulmuhammadi	Gulmuḥammadí	Zabíḥu’lláh (Ar. Dhabíḥu’lláh) Gulmuḥammadí
Gulnar (Golnar)	Gulnár	(for gul+anár) pomegranate flowers; sour cherry. Gülnar (Azerbaijani, Turkish), pseudonym of Olga Sergeyevna Lebedeva (1854–193?), translator, linguist and Orientalist (first Russian woman) from the Russian Empire.
Gulpayigan, Gulpayagan (Gulpayegan)	Gulpáyigán, Gulpáyagán, Gulpáygán	Pers. (Bahá’ís use Gulpaygan) “fortress of flowers”, “land of red tulips” or “land of red flowers” (supposedly derived from sar-zamín-i-gul-háy-i-surkh, “land, tulips/flowers, red”). Gulpáyigán is a city (33.457344, 50.288305) in and the capital of Gulpáyigán County, Iṣfahán Province, Írán (about 160 km NW of Iṣfahán). See Abu’l-Faḍl.
Gulpayigani	Gulpáyigání	from or of Gulpáyigán. Siyyid Muḥammad-i-Gulpáyigání, pen-name Ṭá’ir, styled Fatá’l-Malíḥ by Ṭáhirih. Mullá Ibráhím-i-Gulpáyigání was martyred. See Abu’l-Faḍl and Kashf al-Ghiṭá’.
Gulshan (Golshan)	Gulshán	Pers. a rose or flower-garden; a bed of roses or flowers; a delightful spot; a place where a person enjoys himself; a pleasure-palace; florid, cheerful, agreeable. Former name of Ṭabas—city in South Khorasan Province, Írán.
Gulshani	Gulshaní	a Sufi order founded by Ibráhím al-Gulshaní, an influential Sufi shaykh from Azerbaijan
Gumruk, Gamarik	Gumruk, pl. Gamárik	customs; customhouse
Gunabad (Gonabad)	Gunábád	city 225 km SW of Mashhad, Khurásán province
Gundishapur, Jund-i-Shapur	Gundíshápúr (Ar. Jundaysábúr)	(“Gundeshapur”; Jund-i-Shápúr) city ruins (32.286493, 48.514108) of what was once a major city of the Persian empire, 2 km south of the village of Islámábád (Eslamabad, or Sháhábád), which is 12 km SE of Dizfúl (Dezful); in Khuzestan province.
Gunjishk	Gunjishk	Pers. a sparrow; a chick; any small bird. gáf or káf (kafara, “renounce”) + nún (nazih, “purify”) + jím (jánib, “draw back”) + shín (ush’kur, “thank”, “be grateful”) + káf (kafara)—see The Seven Valleys 1st edn.
Guran	Gúrán	Pers. the rendezvous of an army; an assembly-room; rice browned in the oven. A village (33.297500, 49.758333) in Lorestan Province, 174 km SW of Káshán.
Gurgin (Gurgan, Gorgan), Jurjan	Gurgín or Gurgán, Jurján	city near the Caspian Sea (formerly Astrabád or Astarábád), east of Sárí (36.844352, 54.442692)
Gurgin Khan	Gurgín Khán	Nephew and successor of Governor Manúchihr Khán in Iṣfahán.
Gusha	Gushá	Pers. opening, loosening, solving
Gusht, Gosht	Gúsht	Pers. flesh, meat; pulp of fruit
Gushtasb, Gushasb	Gushtásb, Gushásb (also Gushtásp)	Pers. an ancient king of Persia (Darius Hystaspes)
Guzel (Guzal, Ghuzal)	Güzel (Guzal)	Turkish “beautiful” (Persian zíbá) Mírzá ‘Ádí-Guzal-i-Marághih’í, the messenger (Sayyáh) for the Báb, hence the title ‘Alíy-i-Sayyáḥ (Mírzá ‘Alíy-i-Sayyáḥ-i-Marághihí).
Gyawur-Kyuy	Gyáwur-Kyuy	probably the Turkish village of Güneyli Köyü (“Southern Village”), 11 km north of Gallipoli

Top -s A B C D E F GHI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Plain text	Transcripted text	Word meanings & comments
H
Ha, Ha’at	Há’, pl. Ha’át	name of the thirty-first letter (ه) of the Arabic-Persian alphabet, it is a slight aspirate, like the h in “hope”
Ha, Had, Hadihi, Hadi, Ha’ula’i, Hadani	Há	look! there! há huwa look, there he is! há antum you there! as a prefix (mostly written defectively): hádá, f. hádihí, hádí,—pl. há’ulá’i, dual m. hádání, f. hátáni this one, this
Ha’	Ḥa’	name of the eighth letter (ح, transcripted as ḥ) of the Arabic-Persian alphabet, is a strong aspirate generated deep in the throat.
Ha’ik, Haka	Ḥá’ik, pl. Ḥáka	weaver; (Moroccan) an outer garment consisting of a long piece of white material, covering body and head
Ha’it (Hait)	Ḥá’iṭ	wall, enclosure, fence; a garden. al-Ḥá’iṭ (25.993191, 40.466906) is a city 191 km NNE of Medina and just to the north of the Fadak oasis.
Habash, Ahbash	al-Ḥabash, pl. al-Aḥbash	Abyssinia, Ethiopia;—pl. the Abyssinians, Ethiopians
Habashi	Ḥabashí, pl. Aḥbásh	Abyssinian, Ethiopian
Habb, Hubub	Ḥabb, pl. Ḥubúb	(collective; nomen unitatis ة) grains; seed;—pl. grain, cereals, corn; seed(s); grains, kernels; granules; pellets; pills, pastilles; berries; acne, pustules, pimple
Habba, Habbat	Ḥabba(h), pl. Habbát	(nomen unitatis; see also ḥabb) grain, granule; seed; kernel; pill, pastille; berry; pustule, pimple; triviality; a square measure
Habba, Hubb	Ḥabba, Ḥubb	to love, like; to evoke (in someone), love or a liking (for something or someone); to endear (something to someone), make (something) dear, lovable, attractive (for someone), make (something) palatable, acceptable (to someone); to urge (something on someone), suggest (something to someone)
Habib, Ahibba,	Ḥabíb, pl. Aḥabbá’, Aḥibba[h or t]	beloved, sweetheart, lover; darling; dear one, friend; dear
Habiba (Habibih, Habibeh), Haba’ib	Ḥabíba[h or t], pl. Ḥabá’ib	(fem. of ḥabíb) sweet-heart, darling, beloved woman
Habibi	Ḥabíbi	my love
Habibu’llah	Ḥabíbu’lláh	“beloved of God”
Habibu’llah-i-Afnan	Ḥabíbu’lláh-i-Afnán, Ḥájí Mírzá
Habr, Hibr, Ahbar	Ḥabr, Ḥibr, pl. Aḥbár	a non-Muslim religious authority, learned man, scribe; bishop; rabbi.—ḥabr beautifying, adorning; putting ink into an inkstand; making glad; joy, gladness, cheerfulness;—ḥibr, ink; beauty; a sign; signs of joy.
Habs, Hubus	Ḥabs, pl. Ḥubús	(act of) holding or keeping back, obstruction, check, repression; blocking off, barring, confinement; damming up, staving off; safekeeping, custody, retention; imprisonment, arrest, detention, jailing;—pl. prison, jail
Hada, Hadihi, Hadi	Hádá, fem. Hádihí, Hádí, pl. Há’ulá’i	this one, this
Hada, Hadihi, Hadi, cont.	Hádání dual m., f. Hátáni
Hada, Hadihi, Hadi, Ha’ula’i, Hadani	Hádá	(demonstrative pronoun) fem. hádihí, hádí, dual masc. hádáni, dual fem. hátáni (hatani);—pl. há’ulá’i: this one, this
Hadatha, Huduth	Ḥadatha (Ḥudúth)	to happen, occur, take place, come to pass. Root of ḥadíth
Hadba, Ahdab	Ḥadbá’, fem. Aḥdab, pl. Ḥudb	hunchbacked, humped. The historic Great Mosque of an-Núrí in Mosul is famous for its leaning minaret which gave the city its nickname “the hunchback” (al-Ḥadbá’). See root word Ḥadiba
Hadd, Hudud	Ḥadd, pl. Ḥudúd	(cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); edge, border, brink, brim, verge; border (of a country), boundary, borderline; limit (fig.), the utmost, extremity, termination, end, terminal point, terminus; a (certain) measure, extent, or degree (attained); (math.) member (of an equation), term (of a fraction, of a proportion); divine ordinance, divine statute (limit, prohibition or penalty fixed by God); legal punishment (Islamic Law)
Haddad	Ḥaddád	a smith, a worker in iron, ironsmith, blacksmith; a farrier. Anton F. Haddad (1862–1924) was a Lebanese Christian who became a Bahá’í. He emigrated to the United States in 1892 and was the first Bahá’í there. Haddad returned to Lebanon in later life where he reportedly became a Protestant Minister.
Hadha, Hadhihi, hadhi, Ha’ula’i	Hádhá (demonstrative pronoun)	fem. hádhihí, hádhí, pl. há’ulá’i, dual m. hádháni, fem. hátáni this one, this
Hadi, Hadiya	Hádí, fem. Hádíya[h or t]	a director, leader, guide; one who enjoys rest or peace; the neck; head or point of an arrow; an ox in the centre of a threshing-floor, round which the other oxen move when treading out the grain. ‘Alí ibn Muḥammad al-Hádí (829–868) was the tenth Imám. He is commonly referred to by the title al-Hádí (the guide to the right path) and sometimes as ‘Alí an-Naqí (the pure one).
Hadiba, Hadab	Ḥadiba, (verbal noun Ḥadab)	to be convex, dome-shaped, cambered, bent outward; to be hunchbacked; to be nice, kind, friendly
Hadid, Hada’id	Ḥadíd, pl. Ḥadá’id	iron;—pl. iron parts (of a structure); forgings, hardware, ironware
Hadid, Hidad, Ahidda	Ḥadíd, pl. Ḥidád, Aḥiddá’, Aḥidda	sharp (knife, eye, tongue, etc.), keen (mind)
Hadin, Hadinun, Huha	Hádin, pl. Hádinún, Hudá(h)	leading, guiding; leader, guide
Hadiqat, Hada’iq	Ḥadíqa(h or t), pl. Ḥadá’iq	an enclosed garden; an orchard, a palm-plantation
Hadiqatu’r-Rahman	Ḥadíqatu’r-Raḥmán	the “Orchard of the Merciful”. Name given by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to the burial site (in Ábádah or Abadeh) of the heads (200?) of the martyrs of Nayríz. NW of the city and near the cemetary? Wrecked by a fanatical mob in 1955.
Hadir, Huddar, Hudur, Hadara	Ḥáḍir, pl. Ḥuḍḍar, Ḥuḍúr, Ḥaḍara	present; attending;—(pl. ḥuḍḍár, ḥaḍara) settled, sedentary, resident, village or town dweller, not nomadic. (pl. ḥuḍúr) presence; visit, participation, attendance. ḥáḍirihim (their present, hadirihim). See ḥáẓir
Hadith, Ahadith	Ḥadíth, pl. Aḥádíth, Ḥádithán	speech; chat, chitchat, small talk; conversation, talk, discussion; interview; prattle, gossip; report, account, tale, narrative; Prophetic tradition, ḥadíth, narrative relating deeds and utterances of the Prophet and his Companions. Root of ḥadíth is ḥadatha. Aḥádíth are the oral sayings of the Prophet Muḥammad and the Imáms. Two distinct types: al-Ḥadíth an-Nabawí and al-Ḥadíth al-Qudsí. The former (Prophetic or regular) being restricted to the sayings of Muḥammad (a ḥadíth where one of the Companions reports Muḥammad’s statements, his deeds, or things that happened in his presence and he approved of them), while the latter (Divine) pertains to the sayings of the Prophet through the medium of Divine inspiration. Note: الأحاديث is written al-aḥádíth.
Hadith, Hawadith	Ḥádith, pl. Ḥawádith, also Ḥáwádithát	occurring, happening, taking place; new, recent; fresh;—(pl.) occurrence, incident, event, happening; episode; case (jurisprudence) accident, mishap
Haditha, Hawadith	Ḥáditha, pl. Ḥawádith	occurrence, event, happening; plot (of a play); incident, episode; accident, mishap
Hadith-i-Jabir	Ḥadíth-i-Jábir	ḥadíth collection by Jábir ibn ‘Abdu’lláh ibn ‘Amr ibn Ḥarám al-Anṣárí, a companion of Muḥammad
Hadiya	Ḥadiya	to remain, stay (at a place), stick (to a place)
Hadiya, Hadaya	Hadíya[h or t], pl. Hadáyá	gift, present, donation; offering, sacrifice. Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsá’í, the leader of the Shaykhís, died near or in Hadíyah (25.534381, 38.749422, about 145 km NW of Medina) while travelling on pilgrimage to Medina.
Hadiy-i-Dawlat-Abadi	Hádíy-i-Dawlat-Ábádí
Hadiy-i-Nahri	Hádíy-i-Nahrí	Mírzá Hádíy-i-Nahrí, uncle of Munírih Khánum, married Shamsu’ḍ-Ḍuḥá (Khurshíd Bagum)
Hadiy-i-Qazvini	Hádíy-i-Qazvíní
Hadj	Ḥadj	loading a camel (particularly with a ḥidj (litter); charging a man with fraud
Hadra (Hadrat), Hazrat, Hadarat	Ḥaḍra[h or t], pl. Ḥaḍárát	(Pers. also Ḥaẓrat) presence, threshold; dignity; majesty; dominion, power; an epithet often joined with the names of the Deity; also a title by which kings and great men are addressed, similar to majesty, highness, lordship, worship. Used broadly by mystics as a synonym of ḥuḍúr, “being in the presence [of Alláh]”. Holiness (‘his excellency’ or ‘his honour’). Placed before the name of the Manifestation or other figures with a high spiritual station.
Hadramawt (Hadramaut), Hadhramaut	Ḥaḍramawt (Ḥaḍramút)	a region in the south of the Arabian peninsula—part of Yemen (claimed burial place of Húd)
Hadrami, Hadarim	Ḥaḍramí, pl. Ḥaḍárim	man from Hadhramaut; Hadhramautian (adjective)
Hadrat-i-A’la or Hadrat-i-‘Ala	Ḥaḍrat-i-A‘lá	“His Holiness the Most Exalted One” (a designation of the Báb)
Hadrat-i-Ghusnu’llahu’l-Athar	Ḥaḍrat-i-Ghuṣnu’lláhu’l-Aṭhar	“His Holiness, the Most Pure Branch of God”. Title by A. H. Ishráq-Khávarí regarding Mírzá Mihdí (“Purest Branch”).
Hadrat-i-Mubashshir	Ḥaḍrat-i-Mubashshir	“His holiness the Herald”
Hadrat-i-Walidah	Ḥaḍrat-i-Wálidah (Ḥaḍrat-i-Válidih)	(her eminence, the Mother). Form of address used by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá in His letters to His mother, Ásíyih Khánum.
Hadratu’llah (Hazratu’llah)	Ḥaḍratu’lláh	The Lord God
Hafid, Ahfad, Hafada	Ḥafíd, pl. Aḥfád, Ḥafada(h	grandson; descendant, offspring, scion. Qur’án 16:74 sons (banín) and grandsons (ḥafadah) [male only]
Hafiz, Huffaz	Ḥáfiẓ, pl. Ḥuffáz	a keeper, preserver, guardian; a commander, governor; the Preserver of all things (God); gifted with a good memory; one who has by heart the whole Qur’án; a blind man (because such fall frequently under the preceding category); master of ḥadíth, known for the large quantity of ḥadíth expertly memorized; pen name of the greatest lyric, mystical poet of Persia, Khwája Shams ad-Dín Muḥammad Ḥáfiẓ-i-Shírází (1320–1390), author of odes in the ghazal form. The Tomb of Ḥáfiẓ and its associated memorial hall, the Ḥáfiẓih, are two memorial structures erected in the northern edge of Shíráz, in his memory.
Hafizu’llah	Ḥáfiẓu’lláh	“Remembrance of God”
Hafizu’s-Sihhih	Ḥafiẓu’ṣ-Ṣiḥḥih	Mírzá ‘Abdu’l-Rahím Khán Ḥafiẓu’ṣ-Ṣiḥḥih, Bahá’í World, vol. ix, pp. 613–4.
Hafs, Hafsa	Ḥafṣ, fem. Ḥafṣa[h or t]	collecting, gathering; throwing from the hand; a leathern sack with which they draw earth out of wells; a name given to ‘Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭáb by Muḥammad. Ḥafṣah bint ‘Umar, daughter of ‘Umar, married Muḥammad (625) after her husband was killed at Badr in 624.
Haft-Dast	Haft-Dast	Pers. seven hands
Haft-Sad (Haftsad)	Haft-Ṣad	Pers. (Ar. influence) 700
Haft-Vadi	Haft-Vádí	“Seven Valleys” by Bahá’u’lláh written in anwer to questions from Shaykh Muḥyi’d-Dín, the Qáḍí of Khániqayn
Hahut	Háhút	The essence of God unmanifested. The “Hidden Mystery” or the “Hidden Treasure”, the Absolute Unknown, the Primal Oneness. Realm of the “Absolute Unknown”, where God’s essence has been hidden from time immemorial and will continue to remain so for eternity.1 See Láhút, Jabarút, Malakút, and Násút.
1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_cosmology
Haja, Hajat, Hawa’ij	Ḥája[h or t], pl. Ḥáját	need; necessity, requirement, prerequisite; natural, bodily need; pressing need, neediness, poverty, indigence, destitution; object of need or desire; desire, wish, request; necessary article, requisite; matter, concern, business, job, work; thing, object;—pl. ḥawá’ij needs, necessities, necessaries; everyday objects, effects, belongings, possessions, stuff; clothes, clothing
Hajar	Hájar	Hagar, a former Nubian slave, and later a wife of Abraham and the mother of Ismá‘íl. Shoghi Effendi lived with his nurse Hájar Khátún until he was about 10 years old.
Hajar al-Aswad	al-Ḥajar al-Aswad	Pers. al-Ḥajaru’l-Aswad. the Black Stone in the eastern corner of the Ka‘ba at Mecca. Size about 160 (6.3”) × 200 (7.9”) mm.
Hajar, Hijarat, Ahjar, Hijar	Ḥajar, pl. Ḥijára(t), Aḥjár, Ḥijár	stone; the philosopher’s stone; weight (placed as an equipoise on the scale of a balance)
Hajara, Hajr, Hijran	Hajara, Hajr, Hijrán	to emigrate; to dissociate oneself, separate, part, secede, keep away
Haji Abad, Hajiabad, Hajjiabad	Ḥájí Ábád	Pers. a small village (34.340598, 47.351340) 25 km east of Kirmanshah. This may be the meeting place (Tadj Abad) mentioned by A. L. M. Nicolas, Essai sur le Chéikhisme, I, p. 30, and DB, p. 13.
Haji Baba Afshar	Ḥájí Bábá Afshár	He was one of the first medical practitioners in Írán who studied modern medicine in Europe. Although he stayed for eight years in England, he did not receive a degree. Upon return to Írán in 1819 he was the court physician under the Crown Prince, who later became Muḥammad Sháh Qájár (r. 1834–1848). He may have been an inspiration for the best-selling novels, The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan (1824) and The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan in England (1828), by James Justinian Morier. See Ílchí.
Haji Shah-Muhammad	Ḥájí Sháh-Muḥammad	Sháh-Muḥammad Manshadí, Amín’l-Bayán (Trustee of Ḥuqúqu’lláh)
Hajib, Hujjab	Ḥájib, pl. Ḥujjáb, Ḥajaba	concealing, screening, protecting; doorman, gatekeeper; court official, equivalent to a chamberlain. Classical Arabic grammarian ‘Uthmán ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Ḥájib, author of grammars ash-Sháfíya and al-Káfíya.
Hajibu’d-Dawla (Hajibu’d-Dawlih)	Ḥájibu’d-Dawla	grand usher. Title given to the “bloodthirsty fiend” (GPB p. 83), Ḥájí ‘Alí Khán Muqaddam Marágha’í (1807–1867).
Hajipur	Ḥájípúr (Ḥájí + Púr)	Pers. Mr. Jamáli’d-Dín Ḥájípúr. Also name of city in Indian state of Bihar. It is to the north of Patna.
Hajir	Hájir	elegant, excellent (thing); delirious, speaking foolishly or deliriously; emigrating; name of a tribe
Hajiyyat	Ḥájíyyát	everyday commodities, utensils, utilities, necessaries, necessities
Hajj, Haji (Hajji), Hajja, Hajjaj, Hajij, Hajjat	Ḥájj (Pers. Ḥájí), pl. Ḥujjáj, Ḥajíj	pilgrim; hadji; Mecca pilgrim, honorific title of one who has performed the “greater” pilgrimage to Mecca. Fem. ḥájja[h or t], pl. ḥájját. Pers. also ḥájiya[h] (“ḥájíyyih”), pl. ḥájiyán.
Hajj, Hijja, Hijaj	Ḥajj, fem. Ḥijja[h or t], pl. Ḥijaj	the official “greater” pilgrimage to Mecca (performed over 5 days). English hadj. Yawm al-Ḥajj al-Akbar (the day of the greater pilgrimage) understood as being on the 9th (if the evening is considered to be the next day) and 10th of Dhu’l-Ḥijjah. In AH 9 (CE 631) Muḥammad sent Abú Bakr and ‘Alí to perform the first Islamic Ḥajj al-Akbar (see Qur’án 9:3). al-Ḥajj al-Aṣghar is the minor pilgrimage performed at any time of the year. Persians use the term Ḥajj-i-Akbar (“Most Great Hajj”) whenever the ‘Id-al-Adha (10 Dhu’l-Ḥijjah) falls on an Islamic Friday as occurred for the only pilgrimage of Muḥammad in AH 10 (Sunday 8 March 632) and for the Báb in AH 1260 (Friday 20 December 1844). There is an Islamic tradition that the Qá’im will appear in a year of the Ḥajj-i-Akbar. See Yawm, the Báb and ‘umra.
Hajjaj	Ḥajjáj	a litigious man, a squabbler; name of the celebrated governor of Arabia and Iraq, Abú Muḥammad al-Ḥajjáj ibn Yúsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn ʿAqíl ath-Thaqafí
Hajr	Hajr	abandonment, forsaking, leaving, separation; avoidance, abstention; separation from the beloved one; hottest time of the day. Variation hijr.
Hajr	Ḥajr	restriction, curb(ing), check(ing), obstruction, impeding, limitation, curtailing (of something); barring, closing, debarment, preclusion; detention; blocking, confinement, containment, suppression (as a protective measure); interdiction, prohibition, ban. Pre-Islamic name of modern Riyadh (ar-Riyáḍ), capital of Saudi Arabia.
Hakam, Hukkam	Ḥakam, pl. Ḥukkám	arbitrator, arbiter; umpire, referee
Ḥakamanish	Ḥakámanish (Ḥaká + manish)	Pers. Írándukht Ḥakámanish
Haka, Hikaya, Hikayat	Ḥaká, fem. Ḥikáya[h or t], pl. Ḥikáyát	to tell, relate (something), report, give an account (of); to speak, talk (Syr., Leb.); to imitate, copy (something); to resemble (someone, something). Fem. story, tale, narrative, account; (grammar) literal quotation (of the words of others).
Hakim Abu’l-Qasim Firdawsi Tusi	Ḥakím Abu’l-Qásim Firdawsí Ṭúsí	commonly referred to as Ferdowsi, is a revered Persian poet, the author of the epic of Shahnameh (Book of Kings)
Hakim-Bashi	Ḥakím-Báshí	Chief physician
Hakim-Ilahi	Ḥakím-Iláhí	the Divine Philosopher
Hakim, Hakimun, Hukkam	Ḥákim, pl. Ḥákimún, Ḥukkam	ruling, governing; decisive;—pl. ruIer, sovereign; governor; judge
Hakim, Hukama’	Ḥakím, pl. Ḥukamá’	wise, judicious; wise man, sage; philosopher; physician, doctor. al-Ḥakím, the divine name for the All-Wise.
Hakiman	Ḥakímán	Raḥmatu’lláh Ḥakímán
Hakkak	Ḥakkák	a jeweller; a polisher of precious stones; a borer of pearls; a lapidary
Hal, Ahwal	Ḥál m. and f., pl. Aḥwál	condition, state; situation; position, status; circumstance; case; present, actuality (as opposed to future); circumstantial expression or phrase (grammar);—pl. conditions, circumstances; matters, affairs, concerns; cases; ḥála (preposition) during; immediately upon, right after; just at; in case of ..., in the event of ..., ḥálan presently, immediately, at once, right away, without delay; now, actually, at present. Pers. Ḥal-i-Shumá, (pl.) Aḥwál-i-Shumá (How are you?)
Hala, Halat	Ḥála[h or t] (fem. of Ḥál), pl. Ḥálát	condition, state; situation; (possible, actual) case; ḥálata (preposition) during.—pl. states, fleeting and ephemeral, of the Ṣúfí spiritual journey
Hala, Halat	Hála, pl. Hálát	halo (around moon or sun, also, e.g., of a saint); ring around the eye; nimbus, aureole, glory; fem. name
Halab	Ḥalab	milk; milking; Aleppo in Syria
Halabi	Ḥalabí	belonging to a milch cow; native of Aleppo; white iron, tin-plate
Halaku, Hulagu	Halákú, Pers. Hulágú	Hulagu Khán (c. 1217–1265). Hülegü or Hulegu (Mongolian). Grandson of Genghis Khán, conquered Baghdád (1258) and Syria (1260)
Halal	Ḥalál	that which is allowed, permitted or permissible; allowed, permitted, permissible, allowable, admissible, lawful, legal, licit, legitimate; lawful possession
Halawa	Ḥaláwa	sweetness; candies, confectionery, sweetmeats; grace, gracefulness, charm, refinement, wittiness, wit; present of money; ransom
Halawi	Ḥaláwí	Ḥusayn-i-Ḥaláwí
Halih Halih Ya Bisharat	Halih Halih Yá Bishárát	“Hallelujah, Hallelujah, O Glad-Tidings” by Bahá’u’lláh (hallilúyá, hallelujah)
Halim, Halima, Hulama	Ḥalím, fem. Ḥalíma(h), pl. Ḥulamá	mild, mild-tempered, gentle; patient; forbearing. Ḥalímah was Muḥammad’s foster-mother until aged 6.
Hallaj	Ḥalláj	cotton ginner. Manṣúr al-Ḥalláj (Abú’l-Mughíth al-Ḥusayn bin Manṣúr al-Ḥalláj) (c. 858–922) was a Persian mystic, poet and Ṣúfí teacher. His most famous ecstatic utterance, Aná al-Ḥaqq (“I am the Truth”), was taken to mean that he was claiming to be God, since al-Ḥaqq (“the Truth”) is one of the Islamic names of God. See Ṭáwásín.
Halliluya	Hallilúyá	hallelujah (from Hebrew) or alleluia, praise (God). Hallilúyá (praise) ash-shukr (returning thanks (to God) Alláh (God)
Halqa, Halaqa, Halaq, Halaqat	Ḥalqa(t), Ḥalaqa pl. Ḥalaq, Ḥalaqát	ring (also earring, etc.); link (of a chain); circle (also of people); group of students studying under a professor, hence: lecture, course (e.g., at al-Azhar University); part of a sequence or series; ringlet; disk; decade; market
Halqat adh-Dhahabiyya	al-Ḥalqat adh-Dhahabiyya	the golden circle
Ham	Ḥám	Ham, son of Noah
Hama, Hamw	Hamá, Hamw	to flow; to pour forth
Hamad	Ḥamád	Pers. a village in Mahshahr County, Khúzistán Province, Írán (may no loner exist)
Hamadan	Hamadán	“quelled or subsided”. Hamadán city in Írán, 144 km NE Kirmánsháh. Originally Ecbatana of the ancient Medes.
Hamadani	Hamadání	Badí‘ az-Zamán (“The Wonder of the Age”) al-Hamadání (969–1007) was a medieval Arabo-Persian man of letters.
Hamam, Hamama, Hamamat, Hama’im	Ḥamám, pl. Ḥamámát, Ḥamá’im	Ar. dove, pigeon. nomen unitatis ḥamáma(h)
Haman	Hamán	Pers. only, solely; self-same, all one, one and the same, even that, that very; in this manner, exactly so, thus, equally; always, continually. Name of Abraham's brother; name of Pharaoh’s vizier; name of a place in Kirmán where Sháh Ni‘matu’lláh Walí is buried
Hamaza, Hamz	Ḥamaza, Ḥamz	to bite, or burn, the tongue (taste)
Hamaza, Hamz	Hamaza, Hamz	to prick; to drive, urge on, prod, goad on (someone, something); to spur (one’s horse); (gram.) to provide with hamza (a letter or word)
Hamd	Ḥamd	commendation, praise, laudation
Hamdan	Ḥamdán	praise, one who praises (God)
Hamdaniyun	Ḥamdáníyún	al-Ḥamdáníyún, the Hamdanid dynasty, was a Shí‘a Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004); was founded by Ḥamdán ibn Ḥamdún ibn al-Ḥárith at-Taghlibí (flourished 868–895).
Hamdi	al-Ḥamdí	“praise be” to God
Hamdu li’llah	al-Ḥamdu Li’lláh	thank God!, praise be to God! or praised be the Lord! Alhamdulillah”. A longer variant is al-ḥamdu li’lláhi rabbi al-‘álamín, meaning “all praise is due to God, Lord of all the worlds” (Qur’án 1:2)
Hamdu’llah	Ḥamdu’lláh	Praise of God
Hami	Ḥámí	a son or descendant of Ham, Hamitic
Hamid	Ḥámid	one who praises, a praiser
Hamid, Hamida (Hamidih, Hamideh)	Ḥamíd, fem. Ḥamída(t) (Pers. Ḥamídih)	praiseworthy, laudable, commendable; benign, harmless (disease)
Hamida	Ḥamida	to praise, commend, laud, extol (someone for something) Form II to praise highly (someone)
Hamidu’llah	Ḥamídu’lláh	praised by God
Hamma, Hammayat	Ḥamma[h or t], pl. Ḥammayát	fever or hot spring. al-Ḥamma was a Palestinian Arab village 12 km SE of Tiberias, famous for its hot springs (on the south side of the village), which are considered therapeutic due to their high sulphur content. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá visited the springs in 1914. The village was depopulated in July 1949. In 1977 the health resort of Hamat Gader, “hot springs of (the ancient city of) Gadara”, opened on the site of al-Ḥamma as-Súriyá (“the Syrian ḥamma”) hot springs (32.683087, 35.662995).
Hamma, Humma	Ḥamma	heat, make hot (something); passive ḥumma to be feverish, have a fever. Root of Ḥamma[h or t], Ḥumma[h or t].
Hammad (Hamad)	Ḥammád	much praising (God)
Hammal, Hammala	Ḥammál, fem. Ḥammála[h or t]	(pl. ḥammálún) a porter, carrier of burdens. Fem. (carrier) beam, girder, support, base, post, pier, pillar; suspenders.
Hammam	Hammám	careworn, worried; anxious, solicitous; eager, active, energetic
Hammam, Hammamat	Ḥammám, pl. Ḥammámát	(vulgate ḥamám) (warm or hot) bath; a Turkish bath; swimming pool; spa, watering place (public baths). Error: Bahá’í writings may omit the underdot.
Hamsaya (Hamsayih), Hamsayagan	Hamsáya (Hamsáyih), pl. Hamsáyagán	Pers. under the same shade, i.e. neighbouring, neighbour
Hamza, Hamazat	Hamza(h or t), pl. Hamazát	Arabic glottal stop consonant that is pronounced as an a. Since a hamza is not actually a letter, it is sometimes counted as an a, and sometimes it is disregarded. Thus, the abjad value of Bahá’ (the hamza is usually dropped) can be read as either eight or nine.
Hamza (Hamzeh)	Ḥamza(h or t)	the herb rocket. Muḥammad’s uncle, Ḥamzah ibn ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib.
Hana	Ḥaná	to bend, curve, twist, turn; to lean, incline (toward someone); to feel for someone, sympathize (with someone), commiserate, pity (someone), feel compassion, feel pity (for someone)
Hana-Sab (Hina-Saz)	Ḥaná-Sáb	loosely, the “henna maker”, Ḥiná-Sáz. Muḥammad-i-Ḥaná-Sáb.
Hanbali, Hanabilat	Ḥanbalí, pl. Ḥanábila(t)	Hanbalitic, of or pertaining to the madhab of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; puritanical, strict in religious matters. A system of traditional Sunní jurisprudence—smallest of the four (the Ḥanafí, the Ḥanbalí, the Málikí and the Sháfi‘í)
Hanafi, Hanafyun	Ḥanafí, pl. Hanafyún, Ḥunafá’	orthodox. One of the four (the Ḥanafí, the Ḥanbalí, the Málikí and the Sháfi‘í) religious Sunní Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh). It is named after the scholar Abú Ḥanífa an-Nu‘man ibn Thábit.
Hanafiya, Hanafiyya	Ḥanafíya(t), Ḥanafiyya(t)	true religion, orthodoxy
Hanbal	Ḥanbal	Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal
Hani, Hani’a	Háni’, fem. Háni’a(h)	happy, delighted, glad; servant; fem. servant girl, maid
Hani’	Haní’	healthful, salutary, salubrious, wholesome, beneficial; pleasant, agreeable; easy, smooth, comfortable
Hanif, Hunafa’	Ḥaníf, pl. Ḥunafá’	true believer, orthodox; one who scorns the false creeds surrounding him and professes the true religion; true (religion)
Hanifa	Ḥanífa(h)	al-ḥanífa as-samḥá’ the true and tolerant (religion, i.e., Islám). Ḥanífih (Pers. form)
Hanifiya	al-Ḥanífíya(h)	the true (i.e., Islamic) religion
Hanza	Hanzá	village in Kirman Province, Írán (also known as Hamzá). About 110 km south of Kirmán.
Hanzal (Handal), Hanzala	Ḥanẓal, fem. Ḥanẓala[h or t]	(collective noun; nomen unitatis ة) colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis). Also called a wild gourd, bitter apple and bitter cucumber. Ḥanḍal and ḥanḍala are dialect variations. Ḥanḍala is the name given to a Palestinian cartoon defiance symbol. Pre-Islamic Christian, Ḥanẓala ibn Abí Ghafráy-i-Ṭá’i‘ (SDC pp. 48–51). Ḥanẓala ibn Abí ‘Ámir (c. 601–625), son of Abú Amír al-Asharí), a companion of Muḥammad, entitled Ghasíl al-Malá’ika (“the one cleansed by the angels”); father of ‘Abdu’lláh ibn Ḥanẓala. In the Lawḥ-i-Sarráj, Mírzá Yaḥyá, the “one time ‘Blessed Fruit’” (thamara ṭúba), whose rejection of Bahá’u’lláh is said have transformed him into a mere ḥanẓal.
HaParsim	HaParsim	Hebrew. Rechov HaParsim “Street of the Persians”. House of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá is 7 Rechov HaParsim.
Haqiq, Ahiqqa’	Ḥaqíq, pl. Aḥiqqá’	worthy, deserving (of something), fit, competent, qualified; entitled (to)
Haqiqa, Haqa'iq, Haqiqatan	Ḥaqíqa[h or t], pl. Ḥaqá’iq	truth, reality (also philosophy); fact; the true state of affairs, the facts; true nature, essence; real meaning, true sense; the object of the mystic searcher (ṣúfí). ḥaqíqatan really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in truth. Ḍíyá’u’lláh Ḥaqíqat (1928–1978), a Persian Bahá’í, born in the village of Khána Kahdán, and martyred in Jahrum.
Haqiqatu’l-Haqa’iq	Ḥaqíqatu’l-Ḥaqá’iq	reality of realities or truth of truths
Haqiqi	Ḥaqíqí	real, true; actual; proper, intrinsic, essential; genuine; authentic; positive
Haqq (Haq, Hagh), Huquq	Ḥaqq, Pers. also Ḥaq, pl. Ḥuqúq	truth; correctness, rightness; rightful possession; property; ones due; duty; proper manner; true, authentic, real; right, fair and reasonable; correct, sound, valid; al-Ḥaqq an attribute of God;—pl. right, title, claim, legal claim. Persian: name of a bird said to suspend itself by the claws at night and continually to cry ḥaq ḥaq.
Haqq, Haqqa	Ḥáqq, fem. Ḥáqqa[h or t]	middle of anything; that which sorts out truth from falsehood; that which is inevitable (an epithet of the Day of Judgement). Qur’án 69. The Sure Reality or the Reality
Haqqa	Ḥaqqa[h or t]	(fem. of ḥaqq) to be true, turn out to be true, be confirmed; to be right, correct; (also passive ḥuqqa) to be necessary, obligatory, requisite
Haq-guy (Haq-goy, Haqguy)	Ḥaq-gúy (Ḥaqgúy)	Pers. (Ar. influence) speaking truth (“truth speaker”); the essence of a thing; name of a bird that hangs by a tree and vociferates all night
Haq-shinas (Haqshinas)	Ḥaq-shinás (Ḥaqshinás)	Pers. knowing and performing one’s duty; rendering to everyone his due; able to appreciate; grateful (“truth-knower”)
Haqqa (Haqqah or Haqqat)	Ḥáqqa[h] or Ḥáqqa[t]	that which sorts out truth from falsehood; that which is inevitable (an epithet of the Day of Judgement). Qur’án 69. The Sure Reality or the Reality
Haqqan	Ḥaqqan	really, in reality, in effect, actually, in fact, indeed, truly, in truth; justly, rightly, by rights
Haqqani	Ḥaqqání	correct, right, proper, sound, valid, legitimate, legal
Haqqu’llah, Huququ’llah	Ḥaqqu’lláh, pl. Ḥuqúqu’lláh	“Right of God”
Hara	Hará[h or t]	Herat (city in NW Afghánistán)
Haraka, Harakat	Ḥaraka[h or t], pl. Harakát	movement, motion; commotion; physical exercise; stirring, impulse; proceeding, procedure, policy; action, undertaking, enterprise; military operation; continuation, progress; traffic (rail, shipping, street); movement (as a social phenomenon); vowel (grammar)
Haram ash-Sharif	al-Ḥaram ash-Sharíf	“the Noble Sanctuary” or Temple Mount in Jerusalem
Haram-i-Aqdas	Ḥaram-i-Aqdas	Most Holy Sanctuary or Precincts, i.e. the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh in the Jannat-i-Abhá (Abhá paradise) (according to Shoghi Effendi) and the surrounding gardens at Bahjí.
Haram-i-Fatimih-i-Ma’sumih	Ḥaram-i-Fáṭimih-i-Ma‘ṣúmih	Pers. form of Ḥaram (Shrine of) Fáṭima al-Ma‘ṣúma (34.641822, 50.879045), sister of Imám ‘Alí ar-Riḍá (8th Imám), in Qum, Írán. See Ma‘ṣúm.
Haram, Ahram	Ḥaram, dual Ḥaramayn, pl. Aḥrám	forbidden, prohibited, interdicted; taboo; holy, sacred, sacrosanct; something sacred, sacred object; sacred possession; wife; sanctum, sanctuary, sacred precinct; the two Holy Places, Mecca and Medina, and thálith al-ḥaramayn the third Holy Place, i.e., Jerusalem. The sacred sanctuary at Mecca where no blood may be spilled, and the four months with the same sanction in the Arabic calendar. Fort Antonia or “Temple Mount” in Jerusalem is also known by Muslims (in the belief that it is the site of the Jewish Temples) as al-Ḥaram ash-Sharíf, “the Noble Sanctuary”, or al-Ḥaram al-Qudsí ash-Sharíf, “the Noble Sanctuary of Jerusalem”. Compare with Ḥill.
Haram, Ahram	Haram, pl. Ahrám, Ahrámát	pyramid. al-Ahrám (“The Pyramids”) (5 August 1875–) is the most widely circulating Egyptian daily newspaper, and the second oldest after al-Waqá’i‘ al-Maṣriyyah. It is majority owned by the Egyptian government.
Haram, Hurum	Ḥarám, pl. Ḥurum	forbidden, interdicted, prohibited, unlawful; something forbidden, offense, sin; inviolable, taboo; sacred, sacrosanct; cursed, accursed. Ḥarám is a variation of Ḥaram.
Haramayn (Haramain)	al-Ḥaramayn	(dual pl. form of Ḥaram, sanctuary) “The Two Holy Places” or “The Two Sanctuaries”, traditional Islamic appellations of the two holy cities of Islam, Mecca and Medina. The “Twin Sacred Shrines” now refers to the places in Shíráz where the Báb was born (house of His uncle, Ḥájí Mírzá Siyyid ‘Alí) and where He made His public declaration (House of the Báb).
Harat (Herat)	Harát	city (30.055184, 54.372201) in Írán, 180 km ENE Shíráz. Also the third largest city in Afghánistán.
Harati	Harátí	from Harát (Herat), Írán
Harawi, Hirawi	Harawí	from Herat, Afghánistán
Harb, Hurub	Ḥarb fem., pl. Ḥurúb	war, warfare; fight, combat, battle; enemy, enemies
Harf-i-Baqa	Ḥarf-i-Baqá	“Letter of Eternity”
Harf, Hiraf, Huruf, Ahruf	Ḥarf, pl. Ḥiraf, Ḥurúf, Aḥruf	(cutting) edge (of a knife, of a sword); sharp edge; border, edge, rim, brink, verge;—(pl. ḥurúf, aḥruf) letter; consonant; particle (grammar); type (typography)
Harfi	Ḥarfí	literal
Hargah (Har-gah)	Hargáh	Pers. whenever, wherever; constantly
Harir, Hara’ir	Ḥarír, pl. Ḥará’ir	silk;—pl. silken wares, silks
Hariri	Ḥarírí	silken, silky, of silk. Abú Muḥammad al-Qásim ibn ‘Alí ibn Muḥammad ibn Uthmán al-Ḥarírí, popularly known as al-Hariri of Basra (1054–1122) was an Arab poet, scholar of the Arabic language and a high government official of the Seljuk Empire.
Harith, Haritha, Hurrath	Ḥárith, fem. Ḥáritha[h], pl. Ḥurráth	ploughman, cultivator, farmer. Banú al-Ḥárith Jewish tribe of Arabia. Naḍr-ibn-i-Ḥárith : religious leader during the time of Muḥammad. Ubaydah ibn al-Ḥárith (c. 562–624) was a cousin and a companion of Muḥammad. Zayd ibn Ḥárithah (c. 581–629) a companion of Muḥammad and adopted as his son. He is the only Muslim apart from Muḥammad who is mentioned by name (as Zayd) in the Qur’án (33:37).
Harj	Harj	excitement, agitation, commotion; disorder, muddle, confusion. Harj can be interpreted as “killing”.
Harra, Harrat	Ḥarra[h or t], pl. Ḥarrát	stony area; volcanic country, lava field. The Battle of al-Ḥarra (Yawm al-Ḥarra, “the day of al-Harra”) was fought between the Syrian army of the Umayyad caliph Yazíd I (r. 680–683) led by Muslim ibn ‘Uqba and the local defenders of Medina who had rebelled against the caliph. The battle occurred at the lava field of Ḥarrat Wáqim (Black stone land of Waqim to the east of Medina) in the northeastern outskirts of Medina on 26 August 683. Ḥarrat Raháṭ is a large volcanic lava field located south of Medina and extending 300 km south. It has a number of volcanic cones. In CE 1256 a lava flow travelled to within 4 km of Medina.
Harran, Harra, Hirar, Harara	Ḥarrán, fem. Ḥarrá, pl. Ḥirár, Ḥarárá	thirsty; passionate, fervent, hot (figurative). Ḥarrán (once the major ancient Parthian Empire city of Carrhae in Upper Mesopotamia; now Türkiye), 40 km SE of Urfa (officially Şanlıurfa, ancient Edessa) and 100 km north of ar-Raqqah (Syria). See Battání.
Harun, Arina (Arna)	Hárún, fem. Arnína	Aaron (Hebrew אהרון, Ahrwn); chief, leader; a messenger, courier; helplessness, indigence; astonishment; amazement. Fem. Arnína (ארנינה, Arnính), can be shortened to Arna.
Harun-Abad	Hárún-Ábád	now Islám-Ábád-i-Gharb, Írán
Harunu’r-Rashid	Hárúnu’r-Rashíd	Aaron the Just. Fifth Abbasid Caliph. See Zubayda.
Harut	Hárút	name of an angel, who, together with another named Márút (Qur’án 2:102), having severely censured mankind before the throne of God, was sent with him down to earth in human shapes to judge of the temptations to which man is subject. They could not withstand them: they were seduced by women, and committed every kind of iniquity; for which they were suspended by the feet in a well in Babylon, where they are to remain in great torment till the day of judgement. They are said to be teachers of magic to man. See Márút
Hasan-‘Ali	Ḥasan-‘Alí	Siyyid Mírzá Ḥasan-‘Alí, youngest maternal uncle of the Báb
Hasan-‘Amu Murtada	Ḥasan-‘Amú Murtaḍá	(MF)
Hasan-Abad (Hasanabad)	Ḥasan Ábád	an old and historical area (District 3) to the north side of Ṭihrán (35.769492, 51.432398). A town (also known as Ḥasanábád-i-Fasháfúyih) in Rayy County, Tehran Province (3rd stop from Ṭihrán for Bahá’u’lláh’s exile to Baghdád)
Hasan-i-‘Ammu	Ḥasan-i-‘Ammú
Hasan-i-Hakim-Bashi	Ḥasan-i-Ḥakím-Báshí
Hasan-i-Khurasani	Ḥasan-i-Khurásání
Hasan-i-Mazindarani	Ḥasan-i-Mázindarání
Hasan-i-Niku	Ḥasan-i-Níkú
Hasan-i-Safa	Ḥasan-i-Ṣafá
Hasan-i-Vazir	Ḥasan-i-Vazír
Hasan-i-Zunuzi	Ḥasan-i-Zunúzí
Hisan	Ḥasan (حسان), pl. Ḥisán	(masculine) beautiful, handsome, lovely; pretty, nice; good, agreeable; excellent, superior, exquisite. Ḥasan is the name of the second Imám. Compare Ḥassán.
Hasana, Hasanat	Ḥasana[h or t] (حسنة), pl. Ḥasanát	(feminine of Ḥasan) good deed, benefaction; charity, alms; pl. advantages, merits.
Hasani	Ḥasaní	of Ḥasaní, descendant of Ḥasan
Hasanzadih-Shakiri	Ḥasanzádih-Shákirí	(Ḥasan-i-Zádih-Shákirí)
Hashara, Hashr	Ḥashara, Ḥashr	1. to gather, assemble, rally (people), raising from the dead; to cram, crowd, pack, jam (together); to squeeze, press, force, stuff. 2. migration, evacuation, exile.
Hashim	Háshim	breaker of bread into a broth; surname of an ancestor (Háshim ibn ‘Abd Manáf al-Mughírah, great grandfather) of Muḥammad, on account of his providing broth to the poor at the time of a great famine. The Banú-Háshim were Muḥammad’s ancestors, a tribal group in southern Arabia. From ‘hashama’, “to destroy or smash to pieces”.
Hashimi	Háshimí, pl. Háshimíyún	Hashemite, member of the Banú-Háshim
Hashish, Hasha’ish	Ḥashísh, pl. Ḥashá’ish	herbs, grasses; weeds; hay; hemp (Cannabis sativa), hashish, cannabis; stillborn child. Known by many names in Persia: ‘Parrot of all mysteries’, plain ‘Mysteries’; ‘Secrets’ or ‘Master Sayyid’—it being green, and the Sayyids, descendants of the Prophet, wear a turban as green as parrot feathers. An ode of Ḥáfiẓ which must have puzzled translators is addressed to hashish and begins, ‘O thou parrot, speaker of secrets, may thy beak never lack for sugar!’ Summon up remembrance, p. 87.
Hashishi, Hashishiyya, Hashishiyyin	Ḥashíshí	(e.g.) sap-green, reseda green (RGB 108, 124, 89; CMYK 13, 0, 28, 51)—a standard colour whose name derives from the colour of the leaves of Reseda odorata, commonly known as mignonette;—pl. Ḥashíshiyya or Ḥashíshiyyín (Pers. Ḥashashiyan) known in English (due to a mispronunciation) as the Assassins, and applied to a Nizárí Ismá‘ílí sect who lived in the mountains of Persia and Syria (1090–1275). See Asás.
Hashiya, Hawashin	Ḥashiya, pl. Ḥawashin	border; seam, hem; edge; margin (of a book); marginal gives; marginal notes; commentary on certain words and passages of a book, supercommentary; footnote; postscript; retinue, entourage, suite, servants; dependents;—pl. critical apparatus
Hashshash, Hashshashun, Hashshashin	Ḥashshásh, pl. Ḥashsháshún	smoker or chewer of hashish. hashish addict. Plural also Ḥashsháshín. See Asás.
Hasht	Hasht	eight
Hasht Bihisht	Hasht Bihisht	The eight paradises by Shaykh Aḥmad-i-Rúḥí
Hashtjird, Hashtgird (Savujbulagh)	Hashtjird, Hashtgird	city and capital of Sávujbulagh County in Alborz Province, Írán. 27 km NW of Karaj
Hashtrud (Hashtrood)	Hashtrúd	(also known as Ádharán, Saráskand, Sar Eskand, Sar Eskandar, and Sar Eskand Khan) is a city (93 km SE Tabríz) and capital of Hashtrud County, East Azerbaijan Province, Írán
Hasib, Husaba’	Ḥasíb, pl. Ḥusabá	respected, esteemed; noble, of noble birth, highborn. Also a revenger or resenter of an injury; a reckoner (al-Ḥasíb a name of God).
Hassan	Ḥassán (حسَّان)	beautifier, doer of good, benefactor. Ḥassán ibn Thábit (c. 563–674) was an Arabian poet and a Ṣaḥába, hence he was best known for his poems in defence of Muḥammad. Compare Ḥasan.
Hast	Hast	Pers. is, exists, remains; existence, being. hastam (I am), hastí (you are), hast (he, she, it is), hastím (we are), hastíd (you are), hastand (they are)
Hasur	Ḥaṣúr	close, confinement, avaricious; chaste
Hasuri	Ḥaṣúrí	Rúḥu’lláh Ḥaṣúrí
Hatib	Ḥátib	wood cutter. Ḥáṭib ibn Abí-Balta‘ah was a ṣaḥábí (companion), a veteran of the Battle of Badr, who carried a letter to Muqawqis, an Egyptian Coptic Christian official. He returned (CE 628) with gifts, including two slaves, Máríah al-Qibṭíyah (see Qibṭí) and her sister Shírín. Muhammad married Máríah. The Maqawqis also sent a white mule, named Duldul, and a donkey named Ya‘fúr.
Hatif, Hawatif	Hátif, pl. Hawátif	shouting, calling loudly; (in earlier Sufism) invisible caller, voice;—pl. telephone; loudspeaker; exclamations, shouts, cries, calls. Siyyid Aḥmad Hátif Iṣfahání (d. 1783), a famous Iranian poet of the 18th century. He wrote: Split the atom’s heart, and lo! Within it thou wilt find a sun. Quoted by Bahá’u’lláh, The Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys in Call of the Divine Beloved, p. 8.
Hatim at-Ta’i, Hatim-i-Ta’i	Ḥátim aṭ-Ṭá’í, Pers. Ḥátim-i-Ṭá’í	Arab poet known for his generosity/liberality. Also transcripted as Ḥátim aṭ-Ṭáyy (“Hatim al-Tai” or “Hatim al-Taaey”), Ḥátim of the Ṭáyy or Ṭá’í tribe, but formally Ḥátim bin ‘Abdu’lláh bin Sa‘d aṭ-Ṭá’iyy. The nisba (patronymic) of Ṭayy is aṭ-Ṭá’í.
Hatim, Hatam	Ḥátim, Pers. Ḥátam	Arab poet known for his generosity/liberality. Also transcripted as Ḥátim aṭ-Ṭáyy (“Hatim at-Tai” or “Hatim at-Taaey”), Ḥátim of the Ṭáyy or Ṭá’í tribe, but formally Ḥátim bin ‘Abdu’lláh bin Sa‘d aṭ-Ṭá’iyy. The nisba (patronymic) of Ṭayy is aṭ-Ṭá’í.
Hatta	Ḥattá	(preposition) until, till, up to, as far as; (conjugated with perfect) until, so that; (with subjunctive) until, that, so that, in order that
Hattab	Ḥaṭṭáb	wood gatherer; wood-cutter, lumberjack; vendor of firewood
Hattin	Haṭṭín	Qurún Haṭṭín “The Horns of Hattin” (7 km west of Tiberias) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hattin, Israel. It is the “supposed” site of the Mount of Beatitudes, where Jesus delivered his Sermon on the Mount. The Battle of Hattin (Ma‘rakah Haṭṭín or the Battle of the Horns of Hattin) on 4 July 1187, was between the Crusader states of the Levant and the forces of the Ayyubid Sulṭán Ṣaláḥ ad-Dín. The Muslim armies captured or killed the vast majority of the Crusader forces. As a result, Muslims again became the eminent military power in the Holy Land, re-conquering Jerusalem and many other Crusader-held cities. Two years later these Christian defeats prompted the Third Crusade.
Hawari, Hawariyyun (“Hawariyun”)	Ḥawárí, pl. Ḥawáriyyún	disciple, apostle (but not a Rasúl) (of Jesus Christ); disciple, follower. الْحَوَارِيُّونَ—the disciples in Qur’án 3:52.
Hawd (Haud), Ahwad, Hiyad	Ḥawḍ, pl. Aḥwáḍ, Ḥiyáḍ	basin; water basin; trough, tank, cistern, reservoir, container; basin of a river or sea; pool; (in the Egyptian irrigation system) a patch of land surrounded by dikes, flooded by high water of the Nile; pond; (garden) bed; dock; pl. (ḥiyāḍ) ground, area, domain (to be protected), sanctum
Hawda (Hauda)	Ḥawḍa	Pers. basin, a basin-shaped litter to ride in upon an elephant
Hawdaj (Haudaj, Houdaj)	Hawdaj, pl. Hawádij	camel litter or bed, howdah (from Hindi); sedan chair, litter. Carried by a camel, mule, horse or elephant for travelling purposes.
Hawl (Haul), Ahwal, Hu’ul	Hawl, pl. Ahwál, Hu’úl	terror, fright, alarm, shook, horror, dismay; power
Hawran (Hauran, Houran)	Ḥawrán	the Hauran, a mountainous plateau in SW Syria and N Jordan. The Druze of the area.
Hawz (Hauz), Ahwaz (Ahvaz)	Ḥawz, pl. Aḥwáz, Pers. also Aḥváz	possession, holding, tenure; obtainment, attainment, acquisition; taking possession, occupation, occupancy; (jurisprudence) tenancy;—pl. enclosed area, enclosure; precinct(s), boundary, city limits. al-Aḥwáz, city in south-west Írán, 460 km SE of Baghdád.
Hawza (Hauza)	Ḥauza(h or t)	possession, holding, tenure; property; area, territory
Hawzah ‘Ilmiyah	Ḥawzah ‘Ilmíyah	is a seminary where Shí‘a Muslim scholars are educated
Haya, Hayawat	Ḥayá(h or t), pl. Ḥayawát	life, existence; life-blood; liveliness animation
Hayat-i-Bagh	Ḥayát-i-Bágh	land was purchased in ‘Udláján district 12 of Ṭihrán (35.680768, 51.429470; east of the Gulistan Palace) in 1800 by Mírzá Buzurg-i-Núrí. A house completed in 1802 was called Saráy-i-Naw Sákht (“The newly built House”). It was later known as Ḥayát-i-Bágh (“Garden life”) and the House of Bahá’u’lláh. Bahá’u’lláh’s father later added six more houses. He was forced to sell them about 1835. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá later purchased an enclave of Bahá’í homes around a large garden (same?) and it was named Ḥayát-i-Bágh.
Hayat-Quli Khan	Ḥayát-Qulí Khán	Governor of Karand and a member of the ‘Alíyu’lláhí, a sect that equates Imám ‘Alí with God.
Hayawan, Hayawanat	Ḥayawán, pl. Ḥayawánát	animal, beast; (collectively) animals, living creatures. Alternative spelling: ḥaywán (haiwan), etc.
Hayawaniya	Ḥayawáníya(h or t)	bestiality; animality, animal nature. Alternative spelling ḥayawán (haiawan).
Haydar (Haidar)	Ḥaydar	Pers. a lion; a proper name
Haydar-‘Ali	Ḥaydar-‘Alí, Ḥájí Mírzá	noted early Bahá’í, born into Shaykhí family of Iṣfahán. Known as the “Angel of Carmel”.
Haydari	Ḥaydarí	Pers. of or belonging to Ḥaydar; an adherent of Quṭb ad-Dín Ḥaydar, the founder of the Ḥaydaríya mystic sect.
Haydariya (Haydariyya)	Ḥaydaríya	Persian Sufi mendicant, mystical order known for their celibacy and mortification of the flesh through piercing their bodies with iron rings (cannabis was used to deaden the pain). Compare with the Ni‘matu’lláhí sufi order.
Hayf (Haif)	Ḥayf	(pun on the name Haifa) Pers. practising injustice; injustice, violence, oppression; revenge; a pity; alas! what a pity
Hayfa’ (Haifa’)	Ḥayfá’	Haifa. Hefa or Hepha in Hebrew.
Hayiya, Hayya, Yahya	Hayiya, Ḥayya, Yaḥyá (Ḥayáh)	to live; ḥayya to live to see, experience, witness (something), live (through a time)
Haykal (Haikal), Hayakil	Haykal, pl. Hayákil	temple; large building, edifice; altar; skeleton; framework (of a structure), frame; chassis (of an automobile); colossal, gigantic, huge. Broader definition from: a figure, image, face, form, stature or shape of the body; a long or tall horse; anything large-sized; a giant; a tall plant; a temple of idolaters; a palace, stately edifice; a Christian church; a monastery; an amulet or talisman inscribed with magic figures, hung round the body, as a defence against fascination or misfortune. The haykal (as used by the Báb) represents the temple of a human being, the Perfect Man (the Manifestation of the names and attributes of God). Hence, men are called the “possessors of the pentagram (haykal)” because the Manifestation of the names and attributes of God is enshrined within the heart of each individual. See dá’ira.
Haykalu’t-tawhid	Haykalu’t-tawḥíd	“posture of unity”, or freely translated as cross-legged
Hayra (Haira)	Ḥayra(h or t)	confusion, perplexity, bewilderment, embarrassment, helplessness, embarrassed, at a loss, helpless
Hayran (Hairan), Hayara, Huyara	Ḥayrán, f. Ḥayrá, pl. Ḥayárá, Ḥuyárá	confused, perplexed, startled, dismayed, disconcerted, baffled, Nonplused, bewildered, appalled, taken aback, stunned; embarrassed, at a loss, at one’s wit’s end; uncertain, helpless, sheepish (smile, etc.), confused, incoherent (words, and the like)
Haytham (Haitham)	Haytham	young eagle. Abú ‘Alí al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (c. 965–c. 1040), Muslim Arab scientist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Known in the West as Alhazen or Alhacen. Author of Kitáb al-Manáẓir (The Book of Optics).
Hayula, Hayyula	Hayúlá, Hayyúlá	primordial matter; matter; substance
Hayy	Ḥayy, pl. Aḥyá’	living, live, alive; lively, lusty, animated, active, energetic, unbroken, undaunted, undismayed; living being, organism; tribe, tribal community; block of apartment houses; section, quarter or neighbourhood (of a city). al-Ḥayy, divine name the Ever-Living. e.g. al-Ḥayy al-Manyal (El Manial district) of Cairo.
Hayyan	Ḥayyán	lively, energetic. Abú Músá Jábir ibn Hayyán (Geber)
Hazar (Hizar), Hazaran	Hazár, pl. Hazárán	Pers. a thousand; a bird called the thousand voices, having an uncommon variety of melodious notes, a species of nightingale; a term employed in the game of nard. Hazár dara (“thousand valleys”), a barren area of conical hillocks to the east of Iṣfahán.
Hazara (Hizara, Hizarih)	Hazára	Pers. a double flower; a divided stream or water jet; name of a tribe of Afghans.
Hazir, Haziran	Ḥáẓir, pl. Ḥáẓirán	present, at hand, ready, prepared; at the service of, willing, content; (in grammar) the present tense; the second person; a large tribe;—pl. the people present, the audience. See ḥáḍir
Hazira, Haza’ir	Ḥaẓíra[h or t], pl. Ḥaẓá’ir	enclosure, railing, fence, palisade, hedge; compound, yard, pound, pinfold; corral, pen, paddock, coop; hangar, shed; field, domain, realm (figurative). Pers. a city, a fixed residence.
Haziratu’l-Quds, Haza’iru’l-Quds	Ḥaẓíratu’l-Quds, pl. Ḥaẓá’iru’l-Quds	Sacred Fold or Paradise. al- used in transcription, but not in Persian script. Title (sometimes shortened to Ḥaẓíra) given to Bahá’í administrative headquarters owned by the Bahá’ís—local, regional and national. If rented it is a Bahá’í Centre.
Hiba, Hibat	Hiba(t), pl. Hibát	gift, present, donation, grant
Hibatu’llah	Hibatu’lláh	gift from God
Hibb, Ahbab	Ḥibb, pl. Aḥbáb, Ḥababa[h or t]	darling, dear, dearest (one), lover, friend
Hidayat (Hedayat)	Hidáya[t]	guidance, showing the way and guiding in the right path to the goal of perfection. Riḍá Qulí Khán Hidáyat (1800–1871), Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qájár period.
Hidayatu’llah	Hidáyatu’lláh	Guidance of God
Hidayatu’t-Taliban (Hidayatu’t-Talibin)	Hidáyatu’ṭ-Ṭálibán	Pers. “Guidance for students”, by Ḥájí Mírzá Muḥammad Karím Khán Kirmání
Hidj, Huduj, Ahday	Ḥidj, pl. Ḥudúj, Aḥdáj	load, burden, encumbrance; a camel’s litter in which women ride
Hifz	Ḥifẓ	preservation; maintenance, sustentation, conservation, upholding; protection, defense, guarding; custody, safekeeping, keeping, storage; retention; observance, compliance (with); memorizing, memorization; memory; (jurisprudence) discontinuance, stay, suspension (of legal action, of a judicial investigation); expert mastery of ḥadíth (including expert memorization of a large number thereof. See ḥáfiẓ.
Hija’i	Hijá’í	alphabetical; satiric. Modern dictionaries and other reference books use the hijá’í order of the letters where the Arabic letters are partially grouped together by similarity of shape.
Hijab	Ḥijáb, pl. Ḥujub, Aḥjiba	cover, wrap, drape; curtain; woman’s veil, head scarf; screen, partition, folding screen; barrier, bar; diaphragm. A veil that covers the head and chest.
Hijaz	Ḥijáz	prohibiting, keeping asunder; a barrier, or anything similar, by which two things are separated; a rope; one of the principal musical modes or styles of the Persians. al-Ḥijáz (Hejaz, “the barrier”) is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia. It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea, on the north by Jordan, on the east by Najd, and on the south by Asir.
Hijazi, Hijazun	Ḥijází, pl. Ḥijázūn	of or pertaining to Hejaz; an inhabitant of Hejaz; the 7th century dialect of Arabic of the Hejaz was selected as the basis of classical or Qur’anic Arabic. The mother tongue of the Prophet Muḥammad was Arabic, and He spoke using the dialect of the Quraysh tribe, the people of Makkah in the Ḥijáz region.
Hijr	Ḥijr	forbidden, interdicted, prohibited; northern wall of the Ka‘ba; lap; mare. Name of chapter 15 of the Qur’án (from 15:80, which refers to the rocky country of the Thamúd tribe to the north of al-Madínah) and translated as “rocky tract”. For al-Ḥijr, see Madá’in Ṣáliḥ
Hijra	Hijra(h)	departure, exit; emigration, exodus; immigration to; al-Hijra (the Hegira), the emigration of the Prophet Muḥammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622 and start of Islamic calendar (assumed to be 15 July 622).
Hijri	Hijrí	of the Hegira pertaining to Muḥammad’s emigration in CE 622. A year (sana) of the Hegira, a year of the Muslim era (beginning with Muḥammad’s emigration. Muslim lunar calendar.
Hijriya	Hijríya	Muslim era, after the Hegira, until the end of the time of the Imams in CE 873 (AH 260), i.e. 260 years
Hikaya, Hikayat	Ḥikáya[h or t], pl. Ḥikáyát	story, tale, narrative, account; (grammar) literal quotation (of the words of others)
Hikma, Hikam	Ḥikma[h or t], pl. Ḥikam	prudence and wisdom, philosophy
Hikmat-i-Ishraqi	Ḥikmat-i-Ishráqí	(Hekmat-i-Eshrakieh)—a system of old philosophies
Hila, Hiyal, Ahayil	Ḥíla, pl. Ḥiyal, Aḥáyíl	artifice, ruse, stratagem, manoeuver, subterfuge, wile, trick; device, shift; a means to accomplish an end; expedient, makeshift, dodge, way-out; legal stratagem (for the purpose of in fraudem legis agere (in circumvention of the rules of law)
Hilal, Ahilla, Ahalil	Hilál, pl. Ahilla(h), Ahálíl	new moon; half-moon, crescent; parenthesis; any crescent-shaped object
Hilali	Hilálí	lunar; crescent-shaped, lunate, sickle-shaped
Hill	Ḥill	Pers. being lawful; a lawful thing; the dissolution of an oath; doffing the pilgrim’s garb; a butt or mark for archers
Hill, Hillin	Ḥill, Ḥillin	he was free to ..., he was at liberty to ...; he had free disposal of .... The unprotected area (outside the Sanctuary) and the unprotected months. Compare with Ḥaram.
Hilla, Hillih	Ḥilla[h or t]	wway station, stopping place, stop, stopover; encampment; absolution (Christian); dispensation (Christian). al-Ḥillah (or al-Ḥilla) city (32.474383, 44.423853) in central ‘Iráq on the river Euphrates, 100 km south of Baghdád. Iṣfahání Persian Ḥillih.
Hilm, Hulum, Ahlam	Ḥilm, pl. Ḥulúm, Aḥlám	gentleness, clemency, mildness; forbearance, indulgence; patience; insight, discernment, understanding, intelligence, reason
Hilmi	Ḥilmí
Hiltit, Haltit, Hiltith, Angizha	Ḥiltít, Ḥaltít, Ḥiltíth, Pers. Anguzha	asafoetida or asafetida (Ferula assafoetida) hard, aromatic, resinous gum that is extruded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, large perennial herbs of the Apiaceae or umbelliferae family. The pungent odour of this resin-based spice dissipates upon cooking, where it delivers a smooth flavour reminiscent of leeks or other onion relatives. The Báb banned its use.
Himar, Hamir, Humur, Ahmira	Ḥimár, pl. Ḥamír, Ḥumur, Aḥmira	donkey, ass
Himma, Himam	Himma[h or t], pl. Himam	endeavor, ambition
Himmat-Abad (Hemat Abad)	Himmat-Ábád	city in Raḍawí Khurásán Ústán Province, Írán. A village (29.757615, 52.174587) 44 km NW of Shíráz.
Himmis, Hammas, Hummus, Nukhud	Ḥimmiṣ, Ḥimmaṣ, Pers. Nukhúd	(ḥummuṣ (collective; nomen unitatis ة)) chickpea; dried pea unit of weight ≈ 0.2 gm, Pers. a vetch [a legume], pulse [e.g. dried beans, chick peas and lentils].
Hims	Ḥimṣ	Homs, city in Syria 140 km north of Damascus. Previously known as Emesa or Emisa (Greek).
Himyar	Ḥimyar	place and tribe of Yemen (Himyartes)
Himyari	Ḥimyarí	of Ḥimyar. Ḥarbí al-Ḥimyarí was an Arab scholar from Yemen
Hin, Ahyan, Ahayin	Ḥín, pl. Aḥyán, Aḥáyín	time, an age; propitious time, good time, opportunity; the day of judgement. Abjad value of ḥín is 68. Hence, Shaykh Aḥmad’s “year of Ḥín” refers to AH 1268 or CE 1851–1852. Hin is an ancient Hebrew liquid measurement (mentioned in the Bible) of 3.8 to 6 litres.
Hind, Hindat	Hind, pl. Hindát	India; the (East) Indians; fem. name (in particular Hind bint ‘Utbah, a wife of Abú Sufyán, and the mother of Mu‘áwiyah I)
Hindi, Hunud	Hindí, pl. Hunúd	Ar. Indian
Hindiya (Hindiyyih)	al-Hindiya(h) (Pers. Hindíyyih	1. city (on the Euphrates River, 20 km se Karbilá) and district in the Karbilá Governorate. The city used to be known as Ṭuwaíríj. 2. Saddat al-Hindíya(h) is a city on the Euphrates River in Iraq, 25 km NE of Karbilá and 8 km south of Musayyib (المسيب). Name derived from the Arabic word for “Indian”, in reference to the dozens of Indian manual labourers imported to the area by the British post World War I, to work on the cities vast agricultural lands.
Hindiyan (Hindian, Hinijan)	Hindíyán (Hindíján)	(Hendijan, Hendian) a city in and the capital of Hendijan County, Khuzestan Province, SW Írán
Hindu, Hinduwan	Hindú, pl. Hinduwán	Pers. Indian; black; servant; slave; robber; infidel; watch-man
Hindustan	Hindústán	Pers. India
Hinna’ (Hina)	Ḥinná’ (vulgate Ḥiná)	henna, a reddish-orange dye contained in the leaves. The leaves are crushed (to release the chemical lawsone) and sold as a powder. The skin and hair is dyed by the application of freshly soaked powder. Muḥammad Ḥiná-Sáz. Pers. ṣifat-i-ḥiná-i-sáz is a manufacturer of henna (a job done by a “mázár”).
Hiqf, Ahqaf	Ḥiqf, pl. Aḥqáf	wavy heap of sand;—pl. hills of sand extending a great way; name of a large district in Arabia formerly inhabited by the people of ‘Ád. Qur’án 46: al-Aḥqáf “The Wind-curved Sand Hills” or “The Winding Sand-tracts”
Hira	Ḥirá’	Ghár Ḥirá’ (the Cave of Hira, 21.457561, 39.859395) is located at the western end (6.3 km from the centre of Mecca) of Jabal Ḥirá’ (Mount Hira). The “mountain” was renamed Jabal an-Núr after Muḥammad’s revelation in the cave. See Jabal an-Núr.
Hirah, Hirih	Ḥíra(h), Ḥíri(h)	al-Ḥírah was an ancient city (31.887078, 44.4804) in Mesopotamia. Located in the modern city of al-Ḥírah, it is 18 km SSE of al-Kúfah.
Hirat	Hirát	Pers. good fortune; a man of good fortune. Herat, Afghánistán, was once in Greater Khurásán, a historical eastern region in the Iranian Plateau between Western and Central Asia.
Hirawi	Hirawí	Pers. a native of Herat
Hirbud	Hirbúd	[Herbod or Herbud]—the mystics and holy people
Hirman	Ḥirmán	deprivation, bereavement, dispossession (of someone, of something) debarment, exclusion, preclusion (from); excommunication (Christian); privation
Hirz (Harz), Ahraz	Ḥirz (Ḥarz), pl. Aḥráz	a fortification; garrison town, castle; an amulet or charm against fascination or enchantment. Ḥirz Alláh, protection of God.
Hisa’, Ahsa’	Ḥisá’, pl. Aḥsá’	aaccumulated sand with an impermeable layer underneath. Rain will soak through the sand, be protected from evaporation by the upper sand, and be retained by the base layer, forming an aquifer. Wáḥat al-Aḥsá’ (25.429444, 49.621944) is largest oasis (also known as Wáḥat al-Ḥasá’ or Ḥadjár (locally Wáḥat al-Aḥasá)) in the world, largest date production, and birthplace of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Aḥsá’í. al-Hufúf (al-Hufuf) is the major urban centre in the oasis. It is in eastern Saudi Arabia, about 125 km SW of Bahrain. See Qurayn.
Hisab, Hisabat	Ḥisáb, pl. Ḥisábát	arithmetic, reckoning, calculus; computation; calculation, estimation, appraisal; accounting, settlement; consideration; caution;— (pl.) bill, invoice; statement of costs (bank) account
Hisan, Husan, Ahsina	Ḥiṣán, pl. Ḥuṣun, Aḥsina	horse; stallion; Ḥiṣán al-baḥr: hippopotamus (Ancient Greek, Hippos, Aramaic, Sussita, names of ancient city east side Sea of Galilee)
Hisar	Ḥiṣár	block, blockage, barrier; blockade; siege. A town in Khurásán province.
Hisham	Hishám	Pers. beneficence, liberality. Hishám ibn ‘Abdu’l-Malik, 10th Umayyad Caliph
Hishma	Ḥishma[h or t] (fem.)	shame, bashfulness, timidity, diffidence; modesty; decency, decorum
Hishmat	Ḥishmat	decorum, chastity, bashful, modesty (fem.)
Hishmatu’d-Dawlih	Ḥishmatu’d-Dawlih
Hishmatu’llah	Ḥishmatu’lláh	“chaste one of God”
Hisn, Husun	Ḥiṣn, pl. Ḥuṣún	fortress, fort, castle, citadel, stronghold; fortification, entrenchment; protection
Hitta	Ḥiṭṭa(t)	remission of sins (pardon), taxes, or burdens; a prayer for a remission (of sins); alleviation, relief, mitigation; abasement, debasement, demotion, degradation (in rank, dignity, prestige); humiliation, insult, indignity
Hizam, Hizamat, Ahzima, Huzum	Ḥizám, pl. Ḥizámát, Aḥzima, Ḥuzum	belt, girth; girdle; cummerbund, waistband (worn over the caftan to fasten it); sword belt
Hizar (Hezar)	Hizár	joking, jesting, fun-making. Used in Persian with the same meaning as Hazár. A village (29.886533, 52.518113) in Fars Province.
Hizar Dastan	Hizár Dastán	Pers. “thousand songs”
Hizavih	Hizávih	(Hazaveh, Hazareh, Hizaveh, and Hizawah) village 17 km NW of Arák (Sulṭán Ábád), Markazi Province, Írán
Hizb ash-Shaytan	Ḥizb ash-Shayṭán	“Party of Satan” Qur’án 58:19
Hizb, Ahzab	Ḥizb, pl. Aḥzab	group, troop, band, cohort, gang; associates, auxiliaries, confederates; arms, armour; party (politics); a 60th part of the Qur’án
Hizbu’llah (Hezbollah, Hizbullah)	Ḥizbu’lláh	“Party of Allah” or “Party of God”. Name of a Shí‘a Islamist political party and militant group based in Lebanon. In Írán, Ḥizbu’lláh, not a reference to the Ḥizbu’lláhíyún, but rather to the idea that the divisiveness of political parties has no place among Muslims who all belong to the “Party of God”.
Hizbu’llahi, Hizbu’llahiyun	Ḥizbu’lláhí, pl. Ḥizbu’lláhíyún	ollowers of the party of God. Iranian movement formed at the time of the Iranian Revolution to assist [‘Áyatu’lláh] Rúḥu’lláh Khumayní and his forces in consolidating power. The “Ḥizbu’lláh” was/is not a tightly structured independent organisation, but more a movement of loosely bound groups, often the lúṭíyún that were historically controlled by the local ‘ulamá’.
Hizqil	Ḥizqíl	Pers. Ezekiel
Hubal (Hobal)	Hubal	a god worshipped in pre-Islamic Arabia, notably by Quraysh at the Ka‘bah in Mecca. His idol was a human figure, believed to control acts of divination, which was in the form of tossing arrows before the statue. The direction in which the arrows pointed answered questions asked of the idol.
Hubb	Ḥubb	love; affection, attachment. ḥubbu’l-waṭan, love of one’s country, patriotism. ḥubbu’l-waṭani mina’l-i’mán, love of country (is an article) of religion (a Muslim saying) (cited by Bahá’u’lláh, Gleanings, p. 95).
Hubbu’llah	Ḥubbu’lláh	Love of God
Hubur	Ḥubúr	joy. Ḥubúr (Hobour) Khánum
Hud	Húd	a prophet sent to the tribe of ‘Ád. He is a descendant of Noah.
Huda	Hudá	guiding, showing the right way, right guidance
Hudaybiyyah (Hudaibiyyah, Hudaybiyah)	Ḥudaybiyya(h)	Treaty of Ḥudaybiyyah (Ṣalaḥ al-Ḥadaybiyyah), in 628 (AH 6), at al-Ḥudaybiyyah spring 20 km WNW of Mecca on the Old Mecca-Jiddah Road. This was a pivotal treaty between Muḥammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. The ruins of an old mosque marking the site is at 21.441960, 39.625601. Sometimes written as Ḥudaybiya and Ḥudaybíyya.
Huduri	Ḥuḍúrí	ḥuḍúrí (presence of) aḥkám (judgements)—judgements delivered in the presence of the litigant parties after oral proceedings. Imám’s knowledge is inspired since it is obtained “in the presence of” (ḥuḍúrí) God.
Huduth	Ḥudúth	setting in (of a state or condition), occurrence, incidence (of a phenomenon); occurrence, incident, happening; appearing; being new, fresh, young; novelty, originality, invention (creation). “originated nature”—contrast with Imkán (Gate of the heart, p. 189)
Hujaja’l Bahiya	al-Ḥújaja’l-Bahíya	(Pers. al-Ḥújaja’l-Bahiyyih) beautiful proofs, translated as The Bahá’í Proofs, by Mírzá Abu’l-Faḍl
Hujja, Hujaj	Ḥujja(h or t), pl. Ḥújaj	argument; pretense, pretext, plea; proof, evidence; document, writ, deed, record; authority. A term used in Shí‘í terminology meaning “proof [implied: proof of God]”. It is usually used to refer to a single individual in any given human era who represents God’s “proof” to humanity. The ḥujja is a prophet or an Imám who possess a relationship with God that is greater than anyone else. “Ḥujahs” in The Promised Day is Come, p. 97 should be Ḥújaj.
Hujja ala al-kull	ḥujja alá al-kull	“proof for all”. The Báb’s praise for Qurratu’l-‘Ayn
Hujjat’u’llah	Ḥujjat’u’lláh	the proof of God. The last Imám is known as the Proof of God. Title given to an aspiring mujtahid.
Hujjatiya (Hojjatieh)	Ḥujjatíya(h)	Ḥujjatíyya Society, Írán, was started by Shaykh Maḥmúd Ḥalabí to persecute and harass the Bahá’ís. Ánjuman Khayríya Ḥujjatíyah Mahdíyah (“Charitable Society of Allah’s Proof Over Creation”). The Hojjatieh Society (1953–1983), Írán, was a traditionalist Iranian Shi’a lay religious organization that promoted orthodoxy through non-violent evangelism. Both groups aimed to counter the proofs offered by the Bahá’í Faith.
Hujjatu’l-Islam	Ḥujjatu’l-Islám	Proof of Islám. Mullá Muḥammad-‘Alí of Zanján was called Ḥujjatu’l-Islám. The Báb called him Ḥujjatu’l-Zanjání.
Hujr, Hajara, Hijr, Hujr, Hijran, Hujran	Ḥujr, Ḥajara	to deny access (Ḥajr, Ḥijr, Ḥujr, Ḥijrán, Ḥujrán)
Hujra, Hujarat, Hujar	Ḥujra, pl. Ḥujarát, Ḥujar	Ar. room; cell; (railroad) compartment; chamber
Hujrat (Hujrih), Hujra, Hujarat	Ḥujrat, Ḥujra, pl. Ḥujarát	Pers. a chamber, closet, cell; a box in a theatre, circus
Hujwiri	al-Hujwírí	Abu’l-Ḥasan ‘Alí bin ‘Uthmán bin ‘Alí al-Ghaznawí al-Jullábī al-Hujwírí (c. 1009–1072/77), known reverentially as Shaykh Sayyid ‘Alí al-Hujwírí by Muslims of South Asia, was an 11th-century Sunní Muslim mystic, theologian, and preacher from Ghaznavid Empire.
Hukm, Ahkam	Ḥukm, pl. Aḥkám	(logic) judgement, valuation, opinion; decision, (legal) judgement, verdict, sentence; condemnation, conviction; administration of justice; jurisdiction, legal consequence of the facts of a case (Islamic Law); regulation, rule, provision, order, ordinance, decree; judiciousness, wisdom, judgeship, command, authority, control, dominion, power; government, regime;—pl. statutes, by-laws, regulations, rules, provisions, stipulations, principles, precepts
Hukuma, Hukumat	Ḥukúma(t), pl. Ḥukúmát	government
Hulayfa	Ḥulayfa(h)	a name of a medicinal seed. Dhu’l-Ḥulayfah (now a suburb), 5 km SW of the centre of Medina one of several Mawáqí (places where the iḥrám is put on) for Muslims on pilgrimage to Mecca for ‘Umrah or Ḥajj. Ritual established by Muḥammad in 628, when He and about sixteen hundred men set out on pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hulul	Ḥulúl	stopping, putting up, staying; descending, coming on, befalling, overtaking; incarnation; setting in, advent, arrival (of a time, of a deadline), beginning, dawn; substitution (for someone). In the sense of incarnation: the descent of God or the spirit of God into a person.
Huma (Homa)	Humá	Pers. a bird of Eastern fable, supposed to fly constantly in the air without touching the ground, and looked upon as a bird of happy omen, prognosticating a crown to every head it overshades; a bird of paradise, phoenix, large royal eagle, or pelican. Fem. name.
Humay	Humáy	Pers. a queen of Persia, grandmother to Dáráb II; name of a sister of Isfandyár; name of a daughter of Bahman; name of a daughter of the Emperor of Constantinople married to Bahrám Gúr; name of the lover of Humáyún; a standard bearing a figure of the bird humá.
Humayun	Humáyún	Pers. blessed, sacred, fortunate, august, royal, imperial; name of several kings; name of the mistress of Humáy
Humaza	Humaza(h or t)	one who defames or reproaches (especially a person present)
Humazatun	Humazatun	one given to backbiting, defamer, slander-monger
Humma, Hummayat	Ḥumma[h or t] fem., Ḥummayát	blackness, swarthiness, dark colouration; fever.
Hums	Ḥums	al-Ḥums is the name traditionally given to the inhabitants of the ḥaram of Mecca at the time of Muḥammad’s appearance, in so far as they were distinguished by special customs during the iḥrám from the other tribes who were together known as al-Ḥilla.
Hunar	Hunar	Pers. skill, science, knowledge, ingenuity, art, industry, excellence, virtue; profession; a bill of exchange
Hunayn (Hunain)	Ḥunayn	Battle of Ḥunayn (Qur’án 9:25) in a valley (21.523122, 40.141720) between Mecca and the city of Ṭá’if to the east of Mecca
Huquq	Ḥuqúq	rights
Hur-i-‘Ujab	Ḥúr-i-‘Ujáb	“The Wondrous Maiden” by Bahá’u’lláh
Hurayra (Huraira), Hurayrih	Hurayra(h), Pers. also Hurayrih	a little cat or kitten. Spelling variations of i or y, and endings of “ah” or “ih”. Surname given to Abú Hurayrih ‘Abdu’r-Raḥmán bin Sakhr (a companion of Muḥammad) because he carried a kitten with him. A village (33.669543, 36.120067) 24 km NW of central Damascus, Syria.
Huriy, Huri, Hur (“Huris”), Huran	Ḥúríy (Pers. Ḥúrí), pl. Ḥúr	Pers and Turkish short form for houri (“huri”). Plural ḥúr also used as sing. with plural ḥúrán. See fem. ḥúríya and Ghulám.
Huriya, Huriyat, Hur	Ḥúríya[h or t] (fem.), pl. Ḥúríyát, Ḥúr	houri (a beautriful young woman), virgin of paradise; nymph; young locust. Adjective, literally, “white one”. Assumed meaning attached to a number of verses in the Qur’án where “Companions” in Paradise, those with “with large and beautiful eyes” or biḥúrin (“fair ones (with) large eyes”) are mentioned. “Most Great Spirit” symbolized by the “Maiden” (Bahá’u’lláh); formerly the “Sacred Fire” (Zoroastrian), “Burning Bush” (Mosaic), “Dove” (Christian) and “Angel Gabriel” (Islam). See aḥwár.
Hurmuduk (Hurmuzak)	Húrmudúk	Hormodok, small village 55 km SW of Yazd. 5.5 km by road from the village of Sakhvíd (Sakhoid) (to the NW)
Hurmuz (Hormuz), Hurmuzd (Hormuzd)	Hurmúz, Hurmúzd	Pers. name of an angel; the first day of the solar month; the planet Jupiter; name of the grandson of Isfandíyár; Strait of Hurmúz (Tang-i-Hurmúz) between Írán and Oman
Hurmuzan (Hormuzan, Hormazdan)	Hurmuzán	was an Iranian aristocrat who served as the governor of Khúzistán, and was one of the Sasanian military officers at the Battle of al-Qádisiyyah. He was later taken prisoner by the Muslims after the fall of Shúshtar in 642.
Hurqalya, Havarqalya	Húrqalyá, Havarqalyá (speculative Pers.)	intermediary world between the physical and spiritual worlds. Everything in the physical world has its counterpart in the world of Húrqalyá. Each individual human being has two bodies, one of which exists in the physical world and one in Húrqalyá. The occulted but living twelfth Imám and the cities of Jábulsá and Jábulqá, where he is supposed to live, all exist in the realm of Húrqalyá. Introduction to Shi‘i Islam, Moojan Momen, p. 227. From Hebrew רָקִיעַ (firmament, sky, ductile, heaven, expanse, canopy).[1]
1See www.scribd.com/document/ 21263244/HURQALYA-HAVARQALYA and The development of Shaykhí thought in Shí‘í Islam, pp. 106–7
Hurr, Ahrar, Hara’ir	Ḥurr, pl. m. Aḥrár, f. Ḥará’ir	noble, free-born; genuine (jewels, etc.), pure, unadulterated; free; living in freedom; freeman; independent; free unrestrained; liberal. al-Ḥurr ibn Yazíd bin an-Nájiyah at-Tamímí al-Yarbú‘í ar-Riyáḥí was the general of the Umayyad army dispatched from Kúfa, ‘Iráq to intercept al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alí ibn Abú Ṭálib.
Hurriya al-‘Ibada	Ḥurriya al-‘Ibada	freedom of worship
Hurriya al-Fikr	Ḥurriya al-Fikr	freedom of thought
Hurriya al-Kalam	Ḥurriya al-Kalam	freedom of speech
Hurriya an-Naṣr	Ḥurriya an-Naṣr	liberty of the press
Hurriya, Huriyat	Ḥurriya, Pers. Ḥurriyyah, pl. Ḥurriyát	freedom, liberty; independence, unrestraint, licence (e.g., poetic)
Huruf al-Hayy, Huruf-i-Hayy	Ḥurúf al-Ḥayy, Pers. Ḥurúf-i-Ḥayy	Letters of the Living. Supposedly 18 in Islam: Muḥammad, Fáṭimah, 12 Imams, and 4 gates. The 18 Bábí “Letters of the Living” (see the table towards the end of this document), were the “first Letters generated from the Primal Point” (the Báb, who is not a “Letter of the Living”). The abjad value of Ḥayy is 18, hence Ḥurúf al-Ḥayy refers to the number 18. See Muḥammad Afnán, “Number of the Letters of the Living”. Lights of Irfán, Vol. 5, p. 217. https://bahai-library.com/afnan_number_letters_living. See Ḥarf and Sábiq.
Huruf Muqatta’at	Ḥurúf Muqaṭṭa‘át (or just Muqaṭṭa‘át)	“disjoined letters”, “disconnected letters”, and also “mysterious letters” are combinations of one to five Arabic letters following the Bismi’lláh at the beginning of 29 suras of the Qur’án. The Arabic text of the Qur’án is written with full diacritical marks. However, the disconnected letters are written together without diacritical marks and are pronounced individually. The letters are also known as fawátiḥ or “openers” as they form the opening verse of their respective suras. Four suras are named for their muqaṭṭa‘át: Ṭá’ Há’, Yá-Sín, Ṣád and Qáf. See Muqaṭṭa‘ and Fátiḥa.
Huruf Qamariya	al-Ḥurúf al-Qamaríya(h)	(Pers. Ḥurúfi Qamaríyya(h)) the moon letters (grammar) (to which the l of the definite article “al” does not assimilate
Huruf Shamsiya	al-Ḥurúf ash-Shamsíya(h)	(Pers. Ḥurúfi Shamsíyya(h)) the solar (sun) letters (grammar) which assimilate the l of the definite article “al”
Hurufat-i-‘Alin	Ḥurúfát-i-‘Álín	The Exalted letters by Bahá’u’lláh. See Ḥarf
Hurufi	Ḥurúfí	(Pers. with Ar. influence) a relator of traditions, a traditionist. See singular Ḥarf
Hurufiyyya	Ḥurúfiyyya	Hurufism, Sufi doctrine. Not ḥurúfís (MCI , p. 403)
Husam (Hisam)	Ḥusám (Ḥisám)	(sharp) sword, sword edge
Husam-i-Din, Hisam-i-Din	Ḥusám-i-Dín (Ḥisám-i-Dín)	sword of faith
Husamu’s-Sultana, Hisamu’s-Saltanih	Ḥusámu’s-Sulṭana (Ḥisámu’s-Salṭanih)	“Sword of the sovereign”. Title of Prince Sulṭán Murád Mírzá, son of ‘Abbás Mírzá and grandson of Fatḥ-‘Alí Sháh.
Husayn	Ḥusayn	(diminutive form of Haṣan “Good”) Name of the third Imám, Ḥusayn. Khawlí bin Yazíd al-Aṣbaḥí al-Iyádí ad-Dárimí and Ḥumayd bin Muslim az-Azdí took Ḥusayn’s head to Ibn Ziyád
Husayn-‘Ali	Ḥusayn-‘Alí
Husayn-‘Aliy-i-Isfahani	Ḥusayn-‘Alíy-i-Iṣfahání
Husayn-‘Aliy-i-Jahrumi	Ḥusayn-‘Alíy-i-Jahrúmí
Husayn-‘Aliy-i-Nur	Ḥusayn-‘Alíy-i-Núr	(GPB p. 338)
Husayn-‘Aliy-i-Nuri	Ḥusayn-‘Alíy-i-Núrí	Ḥusayn-‘Alíy-i-Núrí, Mírzá Bahá’u’lláh
Husayn-Abad	Ḥusayn-Ábád
Husayn-Aqa	Ḥusayn-Áqá	(MF)
Husayn-Aqay-i-Tabrizi	Ḥusayn-Áqáy-i-Tabrízí	(MF)
Husayn-i-Ashchi	Ḥusayn-i-Áshchí
Husayn-i-Bushru’i	Ḥusayn-i-Bushrú’í	Muḥammad-Ḥusayn-i-Bushrú’í, Mullá From Bushrúyih, Khurásán
Husayn-i-Kashani	Ḥusayn-i-Káshání
Husayn-i-Kashi	Ḥusayn-i-Káshí
Husayn-i-Shiraziy-i-Khurtumi	Ḥusayn-i-Shírázíy-i-Khurṭúmí
Husayn-i-Turshizi	Ḥusayn-i-Turshízí
Husayn-i-Yazdi	Ḥusayn-i-Yazdí
Husayn-ibn-Ruh	Ḥusayn-ibn-Rúḥ	(one of “Four Gates”)
Husayn-Khan	Ḥusayn-Khán	(the Mushiru’d-Dawlih)
Husayni	Ḥusayní	of Ḥusayn
Husayniya, Husayniyyih	Ḥusayníya, Pers. Ḥusayniyyih	a congregation hall for Shí‘a Muslims to hold commemoration ceremonies to mourn the death of Imám Ḥusayn
Husaynzada	Ḥusaynzáda	Pers. (Ḥusayn+záda), a surname
Husban	Ḥusbán	calculation, reckoning, accounting; computation. bi-Ḥuṣbán “By final calculation”
Hush	Húsh	Pers. understanding, judgement, intellect; the mind, the soul; destruction, perdition, ruin, death
Hushang (Hoshang)	Húshang	Pers. name of the second king of Persia, of the Peshdadian dynasty; wisdom, prudence, intellect. “The first emanation, intelligence”
Hushidar (Hoshidar)	Hushidár	Pers. (or Úshídar) attend, be careful, warning. One who increases holiness or promotes righteousness; name of a future saviour (the Báb). Zoroastrian origin. See Úshídar-Máh.
Hushmand	Húshmand	Pers. wise
Husn	Ḥusn	beauty, handsomeness, prettiness, loveliness; excellence, superiority, perfection
Husn al-Madkhal	Ḥusn al-Madkhal	good manners, good conduct
Husni-Farang	Ḥusní-Farang	Pers. white, as the complexion of Europeans
Husniya, Husniyyih	Ḥusniya[h or t] fem., Pers. Ḥusníyyih	possessing beauty
Huss	Ḥuṡṣ	saffron. See za‘farán
Huwa (Pers. Huva), Hum	Huwa, pl. Hum	he; it (3rd pers. m. sing. of the pers. pronoun); God (or “the Most Great Name of God” according to the Báb). Huwa (“he” or “he is”) in the context of “‘He is’ God” is often incorrectly understood (as in the definition) to be the name of God. In the Bible it is represented in Hebrew by the tetragrammaton “YHWH”, sometimes pronounced as Yahweh. However, the Jews were forbidden to utter the name of God, and as ancient Hebrew script did not use vowels, it is not known how YHWH would have been pronounced, if it was permitted. If we say “yá huwa” in Arabic in reference to God, it means “O He is ...”. Since Hebrew and Arabic are sister languages, it is not surprising that “yá huwa” sounds like Yahweh, which has commonly been represented by Jehovah. (In some European languages the “J” is pronounced as “Y”, “V” as “U”, and “W” as “UU”.) See note under Bahá’.
Huwa’llah	Huwa’lláh	“He is God” (Huwa + Alláh). Replacement phrase for the Islamic “There is none other God but God” in this dispensation (removal of the negation) (see Lawḥ-i-Salmán I). The command confirming the removal of the letter of negation, as described in the Tablet of Salmán I, is believed to be in the Kitáb-i-‘Ahd, the Will and Testament of Bahá’u�